UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K

 

 

Commission file number 1-9371

 

ALLEGHANY CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

212-752-1356

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Not applicable

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes þ                    No o

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes o                    No þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes þ                    No o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files.

  Yes þ                    No o

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company.

Yes o                    No þ

 

As of June 30, 2010, the aggregate market value (based upon the closing price of these shares on the New York Stock Exchange) of the shares of Common Stock of Alleghany Corporation held by non-affiliates was $2,158,211,388.

 

As of February 18, 2011, 8,747,177 shares of Common Stock were outstanding.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

Portions of the Proxy Statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Alleghany Corporation to be held on April 29, 2011 are incorporated into Part III of this Form 10-K Report.

 

ALLEGHANY CORPORATION

 

Form 10-K Report

for the year ended December 31, 2010

 

Table of Contents

 

Description

 

 

References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, or the “Form 10-K Report,” to the “Company,” “Alleghany,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Alleghany Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. In addition, unless the context otherwise requires, references to

 

 

Business Overview

 

We are a Delaware-incorporated company engaged, through AIHL and its subsidiaries RSUI, CATA and PCC, in the property and casualty and surety insurance business. CATA has been a subsidiary of AIHL since January 2002, and RSUI has been a subsidiary of AIHL since July 2003. In June 2006, AIHL Re was established as a captive reinsurance subsidiary of AIHL, and AIHL Re has, in the past, provided reinsurance to our insurance operating units and affiliates. In March 2007, Alleghany Capital Partners LLC, or “Alleghany Capital Partners,” was established to manage our equity investments, including those held by our insurance operating units. AIHL acquired PCC on July 18, 2007 for a purchase price of $198.1 million, including $5.6 million of incurred acquisition costs. We also own and manage properties in Sacramento, California through our subsidiary Alleghany Properties.

 

We own an approximately 38 percent ownership stake in ORX Exploration, Inc., or “ORX,” a regional oil and gas exploration and production company, and an approximately 33 percent stake in Homesite Group Incorporated, or “Homesite,” a national, full-service, mono-line provider of homeowners insurance. We acquired our stake in ORX on July 18, 2008 through a purchase of participating preferred stock for cash consideration of $50.0 million. We acquired our shares of Homesite common stock on December 29, 2006 for a purchase price of approximately $120.0 million.

 

We owned approximately 55 percent of Darwin Professional Underwriters, Inc., or “Darwin,” a specialty property and casualty insurer until October 20, 2008, when it was merged with a subsidiary of Allied World Assurance Company Holdings, Ltd, or “AWAC.” As a result of our disposition of Darwin, that business has been reclassified as discontinued operations in this Form 10-K Report.

 

In 2010, we studied a number of potential acquisitions. We intend to continue to expand our operations through internal growth at our subsidiaries, as well as through possible operating company acquisitions and investments.

 

At December 31, 2010, we had 745 employees, with 732 at our subsidiaries and 13 at the parent level. Our principal executive offices are located in leased office space of approximately 14,200 square feet at 7 Times Square Tower, New York, New York 10036, and our telephone number is (212) 752-1356.

 

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the “Exchange Act,” are available, free of charge, on our website at www.alleghany.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish this material to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the “SEC.” Our Financial Personnel Code of Ethics, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Corporate Governance Guidelines and the charters for our Audit, Compensation and Nominating and

Governance Committees are also available on our website. In addition, interested parties may obtain, free of charge, copies of any of the above reports or documents upon request to the Secretary of Alleghany.

 

We refer you to Items 7 and 8 of this Form 10-K Report for further information about our business in 2010. Our consolidated financial statements are set forth in Item 8 of this Form 10-K Report and include our accounts and the accounts of our subsidiaries for all periods presented.

 

Property and Casualty and Surety Insurance Businesses

 

General Description of Business

 

AIHL is our holding company for our property and casualty and surety insurance operations. Property and casualty operations are conducted through RSUI, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia; CATA, headquartered in Middleton, Wisconsin; and PCC, headquartered in Agoura Hills, California. Surety operations are conducted through CATA. AIHL Re, our Vermont-domiciled captive reinsurance company, has, in the past, provided reinsurance to our insurance operating units and affiliates. Unless we state otherwise, references to AIHL include the operations of RSUI, CATA, PCC and AIHL Re. We also own an approximately 33 percent stake in Homesite, a national, full-service, mono-line provider of homeowners insurance.

 

In general, property insurance protects an insured against financial loss arising out of loss of property or its use caused by an insured peril. Casualty insurance protects the insured against financial loss arising out of the insured’s obligation to others for loss or damage to property or persons, including, with respect to workers’ compensation insurance, persons who are employees. In 2010, property insurance accounted for approximately 45.6 percent, and casualty insurance accounted for approximately 49.8 percent, of AIHL’s gross premiums written. Surety bonds, both commercial and contract, are three-party agreements in which the issuer of the bond (the surety) joins with a second party (the principal) in guaranteeing to a third party (the obligee) the fulfillment of some obligation on the part of the principal to the obligee. In 2010, surety bonds accounted for approximately 4.6 percent of AIHL’s gross premiums written.

 

RSUI

 

General. RSUI, which includes the operations of its operating subsidiaries RSUI Indemnity Company, or “RIC,” Landmark American Insurance Company, or “Landmark,” and Covington Specialty Insurance Company, or “Covington,” underwrites specialty insurance coverages in the property, umbrella/excess, general liability, directors and officers, or “D&O,” liability and professional liability lines of business. The market for specialty insurance coverages differs significantly from the market for standard insurance coverages. The specialty market provides coverage for hard-to-place risks that generally do not fit the underwriting criteria of the standard market which provides coverage for largely uniform and relatively predictable exposures and which is highly regulated with respect to rates and forms.

 

RSUI writes specialty business in the admitted specialty market primarily through RIC in the 50 states and the District of Columbia where RIC is licensed and subject to state form and rate regulations. Most of the risks in the admitted specialty market are unique and hard-to-place in the standard market, but must remain with an admitted insurance company for regulatory and/or marketing reasons. As an admitted carrier, RIC is subject to more state regulation than a non-admitted carrier, particularly with regard to rate and form filing requirements, restrictions on the ability to exit lines of business, premium tax payments and membership in various state associations, such as state guaranty funds and assigned risk plans.

 

RSUI writes business on an approved, non-admitted basis primarily through Landmark, which, as a non-admitted company, is not subject to state form and rate regulations and thus has more flexibility in its rates and coverages for specialized or hard-to-place risks. This typically results in coverages that are more restrictive and expensive than coverages written by a standard insurance company. As of December 31, 2010, Landmark was approved to write business on a non-admitted basis in 49 states and is a domestic surplus lines company in Oklahoma.

Covington, a New Hampshire-domiciled insurer, was formed in September 2007 to, among other things, support non-admitted business written primarily by RSUI’s binding authority department, which writes small, specialized coverages pursuant to underwriting authority arrangements with managing general agents.

 

Pursuant to quota share arrangements effective as of January 1, 2009, Landmark and Covington cede 90 percent of all their respective premiums and losses, gross of third party reinsurance, to RIC. As of December 31, 2010, the statutory surplus of RIC was approximately $1.24 billion, the statutory surplus of Landmark was $180.2 million, and the statutory surplus of Covington was $26.5 million. RIC is rated A (Excellent) by A.M. Best Company, Inc., or “A.M. Best,” an independent organization that analyzes the insurance industry. Landmark is rated A (Excellent) on a reinsured basis by A.M. Best, and Covington is rated A (Excellent) on a group basis by A.M. Best. RSUI leases approximately 133,000 square feet of office space in Atlanta, Georgia for its headquarters and approximately 34,000 square feet of office space in Sherman Oaks, California.

 

Distribution. At December 31, 2010, RSUI conducted its insurance business through approximately 162 independent wholesale insurance brokers located throughout the United States and 31 managing general agents. RSUI’s wholesale brokers are appointed on an individual basis based on management’s appraisal of expertise and experience, and only specific locations of a wholesale broker’s operations may be appointed to distribute RSUI’s products. Producer agreements which stipulate premium collection, payment terms and commission arrangements are in place with each wholesale broker. No wholesale broker holds underwriting, claims or reinsurance authority. RSUI has entered into underwriting authority arrangements with 31 managing general agents for small, specialized coverages. RSUI’s top five producing wholesale brokers accounted for approximately 61 percent of gross premiums written by RSUI in 2010. RSUI’s top two producing wholesale brokers, Swett & Crawford Group and AmWINS Group, Inc. accounted for, in the aggregate, approximately 35 percent of AIHL’s gross premiums written in 2010.

 

Underwriting. RSUI’s underwriting philosophy is based on handling only product lines in which its underwriters have underwriting expertise. RSUI generally focuses on higher severity, lower frequency specialty risks that can be effectively “desk underwritten” without the need for inspection or engineering reviews. RSUI tracks underwriting results for each of its underwriters and believes that the underwriting systems and applications it has in place facilitate efficient underwriting and high productivity levels. Underwriting authority is delegated on a “top-down” basis ultimately to individual underwriters based on experience and expertise. This authority is in writing and addresses maximum limits, excluded classes and coverages and premium size referral. Referral to a product line manager is required for risks exceeding an underwriter’s authority.

 

CATA

 

General. CATA, primarily through its wholly-owned subsidiaries Capitol Indemnity Corporation, or “Capitol Indemnity,” and Capitol Specialty Insurance Corporation, or “CSIC,” operates in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Capitol Indemnity conducts its property and casualty insurance business on an admitted basis, with a geographic concentration in the Midwestern and Plains states. Capitol Indemnity also writes surety products such as commercial surety bonds and contract surety bonds on a national basis. Commercial surety bonds include all surety bonds other than contract surety bonds and cover obligations typically required by law or regulation, such as license and permit coverage. Capitol Indemnity offers contract surety bonds in the non-construction segment of the market which secure performance under supply, service and maintenance contracts, and developer subdivision bonds. CSIC conducts substantially all of its business on an approved, non-admitted basis on a national basis and writes primarily specialty lines of property and casualty insurance. Platte River is licensed in 50 states and the District of Columbia and operates in conjunction with Capitol Indemnity primarily by providing surety products and offering pricing flexibility in those jurisdictions where both Capitol Indemnity and Platte River are licensed. The property and casualty business of CATA accounted for approximately 70.2 percent of its gross premiums written in 2010 (including approximately 5.0 percent of professional liability), and the surety business accounted for the remainder.

 

As of December 31, 2010, the statutory surplus of Capitol Indemnity was $187.2 million, including the statutory surplus of CSIC of $36.0 million. As of December 31, 2010, the statutory surplus of Platte River was $40.7 million. Capitol Indemnity, CSIC and Platte River are rated A (Excellent) on a reinsured basis by A.M. Best. CATA leases approximately 55,000 square feet of office space in Middleton, Wisconsin for its and Platte River’s headquarters.

Distribution. CATA conducts its insurance business through independent and general insurance agents located throughout the United States, with a concentration in the Midwestern and Plains states. At December 31, 2010, CATA had approximately 402 independent agents and 60 general agents licensed to write property and casualty and surety coverages, approximately 92 agents specializing in professional liability and approximately 319 independent agents licensed only to write surety coverages. The general agents write very little surety business and have full quoting and binding authority within the parameters of their agency contracts with respect to the property and casualty business that they write. Certain independent agents have binding authority for specific business owner policy products, including property and liability coverages and non-contract surety products. No agent of CATA had writings in excess of 10 percent of AIHL’s gross premiums written in 2010.

 

Underwriting. Elements of CATA’s underwriting process include prudent risk selection, appropriate pricing and coverage customization. All accounts are reviewed on an individual basis to determine underwriting acceptability. CATA is a subscriber to the Insurance Service Organization, or “ISO,” and the Surety and Fidelity Association of America, or “SFAA,” insurance reference resources recognized by the insurance industry. Underwriting procedures, rates and contractual coverage obligations are based on procedures and data developed by the ISO for property and casualty lines and by the SFAA for surety lines. Underwriting acceptability is determined by type of business, claims experience, length of time in business and business experience, age and condition of premises occupied and financial stability. Information is obtained from, among other sources, agent applications, financial reports and on-site loss control surveys. If an account does not meet pre-determined acceptability parameters, coverage is declined. If an in-force policy becomes unprofitable due to extraordinary claims activity or inadequate premium levels, a non-renewal notice is issued in accordance with individual state statutes and rules.

 

PCC

 

General. Effective April 12, 2010, as part of a strategic repositioning effort, PCC changed its name from Employers Direct Corporation and changed the name of its wholly-owned insurance subsidiary from Employers Direct Insurance Company to Pacific Compensation Insurance Company, or “PCIC,” and took steps to emerge as a writer, through PCIC, of workers’ compensation insurance distributed through independent insurance brokers. PCIC is currently licensed in California and seven additional states. Workers’ compensation insurance provides coverage for the statutorily prescribed benefits that employers are obligated to provide for their employees who are injured in the course of employment. PCC leases approximately 66,000 square feet of office space in Agoura Hills, California.

 

In June 2009, PCC determined that it was unable to write business at rates it deemed adequate due to the state of the California workers’ compensation market. As a result, PCC ceased soliciting new or renewal business on a direct basis commencing August 1, 2009 and took corresponding expense reduction steps, including staff reductions, in light of such determination. As a result of PCC’s determination to cease writing business on a direct basis and certain other factors, on June 30, 2009, A.M. Best downgraded its rating of PCIC from A- (Excellent), with a negative outlook, to B++ (Good), with a stable outlook. During the 2009 third quarter, PCC sold the renewal rights of its directly placed workers’ compensation insurance policies and certain other assets and rights to an independent insurance brokerage.

 

As of December 31, 2010, the statutory surplus of PCIC was $133.4 million.

 

AIHL Re LLC

 

AIHL Re was formed in June 2006 as a captive reinsurance subsidiary of AIHL to provide catastrophe reinsurance coverage for RSUI. AIHL Re and RSUI entered into a reinsurance agreement, effective July 1, 2006, whereby AIHL Re, in exchange for market-based premiums, took that portion of RSUI’s catastrophe reinsurance program not covered by third-party reinsurers. This reinsurance coverage expired on April 30, 2007, and AIHL Re has not participated in RSUI’s catastrophe reinsurance programs since that date. AIHL Re and Homesite entered into a reinsurance agreement, effective April 1, 2007, whereby AIHL Re, in exchange for annual premium of $2.0 million, provided $20.0 million of excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage to Homesite under its catastrophe reinsurance program which is concentrated in the Northeast region of the United States. This reinsurance coverage

expired on March 31, 2008, and AIHL Re has not participated in Homesite’s catastrophe reinsurance programs since that date.

 

Changes in Historical Net Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

 

The following table shows changes in historical net loss and loss adjustment expense, or “LAE,” reserves for AIHL for each year since 2002. The first line of the upper portion of the table shows the net reserves at December 31 of each of the indicated years, representing the estimated amounts of net outstanding loss and LAE for claims arising during that year and in all prior years that are unpaid, including losses that have been incurred but not yet reported, or “IBNR,” to AIHL’s insurance operating units. The upper (paid) portion of the table shows the cumulative net amounts paid as of December 31 of successive years with respect to the net reserve liability for each year. The lower portion of the table shows the re-estimated amount of the previously recorded net reserves for each year based on experience as of the end of each succeeding year. The estimate changes as more information becomes known about claims for individual years. In evaluating the information in the table, it should be noted that a reserve amount reported in any period includes the effect of any subsequent change in such reserve amount. For example, if a loss was first reserved in 2002 at $100,000 and was determined in 2003 to be $150,000, the $50,000 deficiency would be included in the Cumulative (Deficiency) Redundancy row shown below for each of the years 2002 through 2010.

 

Conditions and trends that have affected the development of the net reserve liability in the past may not necessarily occur in the future. Accordingly, it is not appropriate to extrapolate future redundancies or deficiencies based on this table.

 

Changes in Historical Net Reserves for Loss and LAE

 

The net cumulative redundancies since 2003 primarily reflect casualty net reserve releases by RSUI and, to a lesser extent, casualty and surety net reserve releases by CATA, partially offset by catastrophe-related net reserve increases by RSUI in 2006 and 2007, as well as reserve increases at PCC in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Prior year reserve adjustments are discussed on pages 43 and 44 and pages 57 and 58 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

The reconciliation between the aggregate net loss and LAE reserves of AIHL reported in the annual statements filed with state insurance departments prepared in accordance with statutory accounting practices, or “SAP,” and those reported in AIHL’s consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or “GAAP,” for the last three years is shown below (in millions):

 

Reconciliation of Reserves for Loss and LAE from SAP Basis to GAAP Basis

 

 

 

 

The reconciliation of beginning and ending aggregate reserves for unpaid loss and LAE of AIHL for the last three years is shown below (in millions):

 

Reconciliation of Reserves for Loss and LAE

 

 

 

 

Asbestos and Environmental Impairment Reserves

 

AIHL’s reserves for loss and LAE include amounts for asbestos and environmental impairment claims that arose from reinsurance of certain general liability and commercial multiple peril coverages assumed by Capitol Indemnity between 1969 and 1976. Capitol Indemnity exited this business in 1976. As of December 31, 2010, reserves of CATA totaled $11.3 million for asbestos liabilities and $2.8 million for environmental liabilities, resulting in aggregate asbestos and environmental reserves of $14.1 million. As of December 31, 2009, reserves for asbestos liabilities totaled $15.1 million and reserves for environmental liabilities totaled $3.8 million, resulting in aggregate asbestos and environmental reserves of $18.9 million. The decrease in liabilities during 2010 is due primarily to the fact that CATA released $3.5 million of such reserves at June 30, 2010 based on a reserve study that was completed in the 2010 second quarter.

 

At December 31, 2010, the reserves for asbestos liabilities were approximately 13 times the average paid claims for the prior three year period, compared with 18 times at December 31, 2009. The reserves for environmental impairment liabilities were approximately three times the average paid claims for the prior three year period, compared with five times at December 31, 2009. The significant changes in these metrics from December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2010 primarily reflect fluctuations in the amount and timing of commutations in recent years, which affect paid losses and loss exposure, as well as the impact of the above-noted reserve release. Additional information regarding the policies that CATA uses to set reserves for these asbestos and environmental impairment claims is set forth on pages 44 and 45 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

The reconciliation of the beginning and ending aggregate reserves for unpaid loss and LAE related to asbestos and environmental impairment claims of AIHL for the years 2008 through 2010 is shown below (in millions):

 

Reconciliation of Asbestos-Related Claims Reserves for Loss and LAE

 

 

 

 

Reconciliation of Environmental Impairment Claims Reserves for Loss and LAE

 

 

 

 

Catastrophe Risk Management

 

AIHL’s insurance operating units, particularly RSUI, expose AIHL to losses on claims arising out of natural or human-made catastrophes, including hurricanes, other windstorms, earthquakes and floods, as well as terrorist activities. The incidence and severity of catastrophes in any short period of time are inherently unpredictable. The extent of gross losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Most catastrophes are restricted to small geographic areas; however, hurricanes, other windstorms, earthquakes and floods may produce significant damage when those areas are heavily populated. The geographic distribution of AIHL’s insurance operating units subjects them to catastrophe exposure in the United States from hurricanes in the Gulf coast regions, Florida, the Mid-Atlantic, and the Northeast, from other windstorms in the Midwest and Southern regions, and earthquakes in California, the Pacific Northwest region and along the New Madrid fault line in the Midwest region.

 

AIHL’s insurance operating units use underwriting controls and systems, including third-party catastrophe modeling software, to help evaluate potential losses. The operating units use modeled loss scenarios to set risk retention levels and help structure their reinsurance programs in an effort to ensure that the aggregate amount of catastrophe exposures conform to established risk tolerances and fit within the existing exposure portfolio. RSUI also relies on reinsurance to limit its exposure to catastrophes, which is discussed in more detail under “Reinsurance” below. Additional information regarding the risks faced by AIHL’s insurance operating units, particularly RSUI, with respect to managing their catastrophe exposure risk can be found on pages 31 and 32 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

With respect to terrorism, to the extent that reinsurers have excluded coverage for terrorist acts or have priced this coverage at rates that are not practical, our insurance operating units do not have reinsurance protection and are exposed to potential losses as a result of any terrorist acts. To the extent an act of terrorism is certified by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, we may be covered under the Terrorism Act as described below under “Reinsurance.” Information regarding our insurance operating units’ coverage for terrorism and the impact of the Terrorism Act on our insurance operating units can be found on pages 23 and 24 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

Reinsurance

 

AIHL’s insurance operating units reinsure a significant portion of the risks they underwrite in order to mitigate their exposure to losses, manage capacity and protect capital resources. If the assuming reinsurers are unable or unwilling to meet the obligations assumed under the applicable reinsurance agreements, AIHL’s insurance operating units would remain liable to their policyholders for such reinsurance portion not paid by their reinsurers.

 

In general, the insurance operating units obtain reinsurance on a treaty and facultative basis. Treaty reinsurance is based on a contract between a primary insurer or “cedent” and a reinsurer and covers certain classes of risk specified in the treaty. Under most treaties, the cedent is obligated to offer, and the reinsurer is obligated to accept, a specified portion of a class of risk underwritten by the cedent. Alternatively, facultative reinsurance is the reinsurance of individual risks, whereby a reinsurer separately rates and underwrites each risk and is free to accept or reject each risk offered by the cedent. Facultative reinsurance is normally purchased for risks not otherwise covered or covered only in part by reinsurance treaties, and for unusual or large risks. Treaty and facultative reinsurance can be written on a quota share, surplus share or excess of loss basis. Under a quota share reinsurance treaty, the cedent and reinsurer share the premiums as well as the losses and expenses of any single risk, or an entire group of risks. Under a surplus share reinsurance treaty, the cedent may transfer, and the reinsurer is required to accept, the part of every risk that exceeds a predetermined amount (commonly referred to as the cedent’s “retention”), with the reinsurer sharing premiums and losses in the same proportion as it shares in the total policy limits of the risk written by the cedent. Under an excess of loss reinsurance treaty, a reinsurer, in exchange for a premium, agrees to reimburse the cedent for all or part of any losses in excess of the cedent’s retention, generally up to a predetermined limit, at which point the risk of loss is assumed by another reinsurer or reverts to the cedent.

 

In 2010, RSUI ceded 38.9 percent of its gross premiums written to reinsurers. Although the net amount of loss exposure retained by RSUI varies by line of business, in general, as of December 31, 2010, RSUI retained a maximum net exposure for any single property risk of $19 million and any single casualty risk of $9.75 million, with the exception of losses arising from acts of foreign terrorism.

RSUI reinsures its property lines of business through a program consisting of surplus share treaties, facultative placements, per risk and catastrophe excess of loss treaties. Under its surplus share treaties, which generally provide coverage on a risk attaching basis (the treaties cover policies which become effective during the treaty coverage period) from January 1 to December 31, RSUI is indemnified on a pro rata basis against covered property losses. The amount indemnified is based on the proportionate share of risk ceded after consideration of a stipulated dollar amount of “line” for RSUI to retain in relation to the entire limit written. RSUI ceded approximately 28 percent of its property gross premiums written in 2010 under these surplus share treaties. Under RSUI’s 2010-2011 per risk reinsurance program, which generally provides coverage on an annual basis for losses occurring from May 1 to the following April 30, RSUI is reinsured for $90.0 million in excess of a $10.0 million net retention per risk after application of the surplus share treaties and facultative reinsurance.

 

RSUI’s catastrophe reinsurance program (which covers catastrophe risks including, among others, windstorms and earthquakes) and per risk reinsurance program run on an annual basis from May 1 to the following April 30. The 2010-2011 program provides coverage in two layers for $400.0 million of losses in excess of a $100.0 million net retention after application of the surplus share treaties, facultative reinsurance and per risk covers. The first layer provides coverage for $100.0 million of losses, before a 33 percent co-participation by RSUI, in excess of the $100.0 million net retention, and the second layer provides coverage for $300.0 million of losses, before a 5 percent co-participation by RSUI, in excess of $200.0 million.

 

RSUI reinsures its other lines of business through quota share treaties, except for professional liability and binding authority lines where RSUI retains all of such business. RSUI’s quota share reinsurance treaty for umbrella/excess lines for the period June 1, 2010 to May 31, 2011 provides coverage for policies with limits up to $30.0 million, with RSUI ceding 35 percent of the premium and loss for policies with limits up to $15.0 million and ceding 67.5 percent of the premium and loss for policies with limits in excess of $15.0 million up to $30.0 million. RSUI’s D&O liability line quota share reinsurance treaty for the period July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011 provides coverage for policies with limits up to $20.0 million, with RSUI ceding 35 percent of the premium and loss for policies with limits up to $10.0 million and ceding 60 percent of the premium and loss for policies with limits in excess of $10.0 million up to $20.0 million.

 

With respect to potential losses at RSUI arising from acts of terrorism, the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002, as extended and amended by the Terrorism Risk Insurance Extension Act of 2005 and the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2007, which we collectively refer to as the “Terrorism Act,” established a program to provide federal assistance to the insurance industry in order to meet the needs of commercial insurance policyholders for coverages against losses due to certain acts of terrorism. The Terrorism Act is administered by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and is effective through December 31, 2014, at which time it will automatically expire. The Terrorism Act applies to U.S. risks only, whether it be foreign or domestic terrorism on U.S. soil or on certain U.S. interests abroad. In return for requiring insurers writing certain lines of property and casualty insurance to offer coverage to commercial insurance policyholders against certain acts of terrorism, the law requires the U.S. federal government to reimburse such insurers for 85 percent of insured losses during a program year resulting from such acts of terrorism above certain premium-based deductibles. AIHL’s deductible under the Terrorism Act in 2011 will be 20 percent of its direct premiums earned in 2010, or $216.1 million. In addition, federal reimbursement will only be paid under the Terrorism Act if the aggregate industry insured losses resulting from the covered act of terrorism exceed $100.0 million for insured losses occurring in 2011 but no payment shall be made for any portion of aggregate industry insured losses that exceed $100.0 billion in 2011.

 

AIHL’s terrorism exposure is substantially attributable to RSUI. Approximately 4.1 percent of all policies and approximately 16.5 percent of property policies written by RSUI in 2010 contained coverage for domestic and foreign acts of terrorism. RSUI uses various underwriting strategies to mitigate its exposure to terrorism losses. In addition, its casualty reinsurance programs provide coverage for domestic and foreign acts of terrorism. The cost of property reinsurance for acts of terrorism has increased significantly in recent years and capacity is limited. RSUI’s property reinsurance programs provide coverage only for domestic acts of terrorism; as a result, RSUI remains liable for losses under property policies that provide coverage for foreign acts of terrorism, subject to Terrorism Act reimbursement.

CATA uses reinsurance to protect against severity losses. In 2010, CATA reinsured with various reinsurers individual property and casualty and contract surety risks in excess of $1.5 million. As of December 1, 2010, the commercial surety line was reinsured for individual losses above $1.5 million. In addition, CATA purchases facultative reinsurance coverage for property and casualty risks in excess of $6.0 million and for commercial surety risks in excess of $15.0 million.

 

As of April 1, 2010, PCC ceased purchasing reinsurance as a result of its withdrawal from writing direct business. Prior to April 1, 2010, PCC used reinsurance to protect against catastrophic losses.

 

At December 31, 2010, AIHL had total reinsurance recoverables of $873.3 million, consisting of $847.4 million of ceded outstanding loss and LAE and $25.9 million of recoverables on paid losses. The reinsurance purchased by AIHL’s insurance operating units does not relieve them from their obligations to their policyholders, and therefore, the financial strength of their reinsurers is important. Approximately 89.9 percent of AIHL’s reinsurance recoverables balance at December 31, 2010 was due from reinsurers having an A.M. Best financial strength rating of A (Excellent) or higher. AIHL had no allowance for uncollectible reinsurance as of December 31, 2010. Additional information regarding the risks faced by AIHL’s insurance operating units with respect to their use of reinsurance can be found on page 31 and 32 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

AIHL’s Reinsurance Security Committee, which includes certain of our officers and the chief financial officers of each of AIHL’s operating units, meets to track, analyze and manage the use of reinsurance by AIHL’s insurance operating units. The Reinsurance Security Committee considers the limits on the maximum amount of unsecured reinsurance recoverables that should be outstanding from any particular reinsurer, the lines of business that should be ceded to a particular reinsurer and, where applicable, the types of collateral that should be posted by reinsurers. Information related to concentration of reinsurance recoverables can be found in Note 5(b) to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

Investments

 

The investment portfolios of RSUI, CATA and PCC are managed under the direction of Alleghany, with Alleghany Capital Partners primarily responsible for managing RSUI, CATA and PCC equity portfolios. For a discussion of AIHL investment results, please see pages 55 and 56 and pages 63 through 67 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

Competition

 

The property and casualty businesses of RSUI, as well as the surety and non-admitted specialty businesses of CATA, compete on a national basis. CATA’s admitted property and casualty businesses compete on a regional basis with a primary focus on the Midwestern and Plains states. PCC competes primarily in California. Our insurance operating units compete with a large number of other companies in their selected lines of business, including major U.S. and non-U.S. insurers, other regional companies, mutual companies, specialty insurance companies, underwriting agencies, state funds and diversified financial services companies. Many competitors have considerably greater financial resources and greater experience in the insurance industry and offer a broader line of insurance products than do AIHL’s insurance operating units. Except for regulatory considerations, there are virtually no barriers to entry into the insurance industry. Competition may be domestic or foreign, and competitors are not necessarily required to be licensed by the various state insurance departments. Competition in the businesses of our insurance operating units is based on many factors, including the perceived financial strength of the company, premium charges, other terms and conditions offered, services provided, commissions paid to producers, ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, speed of claims payment and reputation and experience in the lines to be written.

 

Historically, insurers have experienced significant fluctuations in operating results due to competition, frequency or severity of catastrophic and other loss events, levels of capacity, general economic and social conditions and other factors. The supply of insurance is related to prevailing prices in relation to emerging loss experience, the level of insured losses and the level of industry capital which, in turn, may fluctuate in response to changes in rates of return on investments being earned in the insurance industry. As a result, the insurance business

historically has been a cyclical business characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excessive underwriting capacity as well as periods when shortages of capacity permitted favorable price levels.

 

During periods of excessive underwriting capacity, in an attempt to use their capital, many insurance companies seek to write additional premiums without appropriate regard for ultimate profitability, and standard insurance companies are more willing to write specialty coverages. The opposite is typically true during periods when a shortage of capacity exists. In the past few years, our insurance operating units have faced increasing competition as a result of an increased flow of capital into the insurance industry, with both new entrants and existing insurers seeking to gain market share. This has resulted in decreased premium rates and less favorable contract terms and conditions. In particular, RSUI and CATA’s specialty lines of business increasingly encounter competition from standard market companies seeking to increase market share. We expect to continue to face strong competition in these and the other lines of business of our insurance operating units, and our insurance operating units may continue to experience decreases in premium rates and/or premium volume and less favorable contract terms and conditions.

 

A discussion of the risks faced by our insurance operating units due to competition within, and the cyclicality of, the insurance business can be found on page 30 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

Regulation

 

U.S. Insurance Regulation. The insurance companies within AIHL’s insurance operating units conduct business in the United States and have no foreign operations. They are regulated in all U.S. jurisdictions in which they conduct business. The extent of this regulation varies, but state insurance laws and regulations generally govern the financial condition of insurers, including standards of solvency, types and concentrations of permissible investments, establishment and maintenance of reserves, credit for reinsurance and requirements of capital adequacy and the business conduct of insurers, including marketing and sales practices and claims handling. In addition, state insurance laws and regulations usually require the licensing of insurers and agents, and the approval of policy forms, related materials and the rates for certain lines of insurance. The insurance laws applicable to us or our insurance companies are described below.

 

Insurance Holding Company Regulation. As an insurance holding company, we and our insurance companies are subject to regulation under the insurance holding company laws enacted in those states where our insurance companies are domiciled or where they conduct business. Although the insurance holding company laws and regulations vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, such laws generally require an insurance holding company and its insurer subsidiaries (other than captive insurers) to register with their respective state insurance regulatory authorities and to file with those authorities certain reports, including information concerning their capital structure, ownership, financial condition, certain intercompany transactions, including dividends and distributions and general business operations. The insurance holding company laws of some states, including with respect to the payment of dividends and distributions, may be more restrictive than the insurance holding company laws of other states.

 

Under the insurance holding company laws and regulations to which we and our insurance companies are subject, our insurance companies may not pay an “extraordinary” dividend or distribution, or pay a dividend except out of earned surplus, without the approval of state insurance regulatory authorities. In general, an “extraordinary” dividend or distribution is defined as a dividend or distribution that, together with other dividends and distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater (or, in some jurisdictions, the lesser) of 10 percent of the insurer’s statutory surplus as of the immediately prior year end, and the statutory net income during the prior calendar year.

 

In addition, insurance holding company laws and regulations to which we and our insurance companies are subject generally require prior notification and approval or non-disapproval by the applicable insurance regulatory authority of certain other significant transactions, including sales, loans, reinsurance agreements and service agreements between an insurer subsidiary and its holding company or other subsidiaries of the holding company.

 

The insurance holding company laws and regulations of the states in which our insurance companies are domiciled also require that, before a person can acquire direct or indirect control of an insurer domiciled in the state,

prior written approval must be obtained from the state insurance regulatory authorities. The state insurance regulatory authorities are required to consider various factors, including the financial strength of the acquirer, the integrity and management experience of the acquirer’s board of directors and executive officers, the acquirer’s plans for the future operations of the insurer and any possible anti-competitive results that may arise from the proposed acquisition of control. Pursuant to applicable laws and regulations, “control” over an insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds the power to vote or holds proxies representing, 10 percent or more of the voting securities of that insurer. Indirect ownership includes ownership of the shares of our common stock. Thus, the insurance regulatory authorities of the states in which our insurance companies are domiciled are likely to apply these restrictions on acquisition of control to any proposed acquisition of 10 percent or more of our common stock.

 

Some states require a person seeking to acquire control of an insurer licensed but not domiciled in that state to make a filing prior to completing an acquisition if the acquirer and its affiliates, on the one hand, and the target insurer and its affiliates, on the other hand, have specified market shares in the same lines of insurance in that state. While these provisions may not require acquisition approval, they can lead to the imposition of conditions on an acquisition that could delay or prevent its consummation.

 

The acquisition of control laws described above may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change in control of us, including through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable.

 

Model Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act and Regulation. In December 2010, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, or “NAIC,” adopted amendments to the Model Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act and Regulation, or the “Amended Model Act and Regulation.” The Amended Model Act and Regulation introduce the concept of “enterprise” risk within an insurance holding company system. If and when adopted by a particular state, the Amended Model Act and Regulation would impose more extensive informational requirements on the insurance holding company and other affiliates of a licensed insurer with the purpose of protecting such insurer from enterprise risk, including requiring an annual enterprise risk report by the insurance holding company that identifies the material risks within the insurance holding company system that could pose enterprise risk to the licensed insurer. The Amended Model Act and Regulation must be adopted by the individual states, and specifically the states in which our insurance companies are domiciled, for the new requirements to apply. It is not clear if and when such states will adopt these changes; however, it is anticipated that the NAIC will seek to make the amendments part of its accreditation standards for state solvency regulation, which would motivate states to adopt the amendments promptly.

 

Rates and Policy Forms. Our insurance companies’ policy forms and various premium rates and rates for property or casualty or surety insurance policies are subject to regulation in every state in which they conduct business. In many states, rates and policy forms must be filed with the applicable insurance regulatory authority prior to their use, and in some states, rates and forms must be approved by the applicable insurance regulatory authority prior to use.

 

Financial and Market Conduct Examinations. The insurance laws and regulations to which our insurance companies are subject govern their marketplace activities, affecting the form and content of disclosure to consumers, product illustrations, advertising, product replacement, sales and underwriting practices and complaint and claims handling. These provisions are generally enforced through periodic market conduct examinations. Such insurance laws and regulations also govern the licensing of insurance companies and agents and regulate trade practices.

 

The California Department of Insurance, or the “CDI,” is responsible for periodic financial and market conduct examinations of California-domiciled insurance companies. In September 2010, the CDI issued a financial examination report of PCIC for the period from July 1, 2004 through December 31, 2008. As part of its work for such financial examination report, the CDI produced an actuarial report, or the “Actuarial Report,” for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008. The Actuarial Report included an estimate of loss and LAE reserves on a statutory basis of accounting that was higher than that recorded by PCIC at such dates. We believe that PCIC’s reserves for unpaid loss and LAE are adequate, and the CDI did not require PCIC to currently or retroactively increase its carried reserves to the estimates included in the Actuarial Report. AIHL did, however, contribute

$40.0 million of capital to PCC on September 27, 2010. These funds were used by PCIC to increase its workers’ compensation deposit, which California workers’ compensation regulations require PCIC to maintain, to a level consistent with the estimated loss and LAE reserves included in the Actuarial Report. To the extent that PCIC’s actual loss experience is less than the CDI’s final estimate of PCIC’s loss and LAE reserves, over time such additional workers’ compensation deposit funds will be released back to PCIC.

 

Periodic Financial Reporting and Risk-Based Capital. Insurance companies are required to report their financial condition and results of operations in accordance with statutory accounting principles prescribed or permitted by state insurance regulators in conjunction with the NAIC. State insurance regulators also prescribe the form and content of statutory financial statements, perform periodic financial examinations of insurers, set minimum reserve and loss ratio requirements, establish standards for permissible types and amounts of investments and require minimum capital and surplus levels. These statutory capital and surplus requirements include risk-based capital, or “RBC,” rules promulgated by the NAIC. These RBC standards are intended to assess the level of risk inherent in an insurance company’s business and consider items such as asset risk, credit risk, underwriting risk and other business risks relevant to its operations. In accordance with RBC formulas, a company’s RBC requirements are calculated and compared with its total adjusted capital to determine whether regulatory intervention is warranted. At December 31, 2010, the total adjusted capital of each of AIHL’s insurance subsidiaries exceeded the minimum levels required under RBC rules, and each had excess capacity to write additional premiums in relation to these requirements.

 

The NAIC annually calculates certain statutory financial ratios for most insurance companies in the United States. These calculations are known as the Insurance Regulatory Information System, or “IRIS,” ratios. There presently are thirteen IRIS ratios, with each ratio having an established “usual range” of results. The IRIS ratios assist state insurance departments in executing their statutory mandate to oversee the financial condition of insurance companies. A ratio falling outside the usual range is not considered a failing result; rather, unusual values are viewed as part of the regulatory early monitoring system. Furthermore, in some years, it may not be unusual for financially sound companies to have several ratios with results outside the usual ranges. The NAIC reports the ratios to state insurance departments who may then contact a company if four or more of its ratios fall outside the NAIC’s usual ranges. Based upon calculations as of December 31, 2010, PCIC had four of its ratios falling outside the NAIC’s usual ranges, with one falling outside the usual range due to PCIC’s underwriting loss in 2010, one falling outside the usual range due to adverse reserve development, one falling outside the usual range due to a decline in gross premiums written by PCIC in 2010 and one falling outside the usual range due to a decline in investment yields.

 

Guarantee Associations and Similar Arrangements. Certain of AIHL’s insurance operating units are required under the guaranty fund laws of most states in which they transact business to pay assessments up to certain prescribed limits to fund policyholder losses or liabilities of insolvent insurance companies. AIHL’s insurance operating units also are required to participate in various involuntary pools, principally involving workers’ compensation and windstorms. In most states, the involuntary pool participation of AIHL’s insurance operating units is in proportion to their voluntary writings of related lines of business in such states.

 

Statutory Accounting Principles. State insurance regulatory authorities have developed SAP as a basis of accounting used to monitor and regulate the solvency of insurers. SAP is primarily concerned with measuring an insurer’s surplus to policyholders. Accordingly, SAP focuses on valuing assets and liabilities of an insurer at financial reporting dates in accordance with applicable insurance laws and regulations in the state in which such insurer is domiciled. SAP determines, among other things, the amount of statutory surplus and statutory net income of our insurance companies and thus determines, in part, the amount of funds they have available to pay as dividends.

 

GAAP is concerned with a company’s solvency, but it is also concerned with other financial measurements, such as income and cash flows. Accordingly, GAAP gives more consideration to appropriate matching of revenue and expenses and accounting for management’s stewardship of assets than does SAP. Due to differences in methodology between SAP and GAAP, the values for assets, liabilities and equity reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP are materially different from those reflected in financial statements prepared under SAP.

The NAIC has been debating and will continue to debate the future of the current SAP framework in response to the possible adoption of a new International Financial Reporting Standard, or “IFRS,” by the International Accounting Standards Board as a U.S. accounting standard for public companies and/or the convergence of IFRS and GAAP accounting, with a range of potential outcomes including but not limited to replacement of SAP with GAAP. We will continue to monitor these developments and the impact they may have on our insurance operating units.

 

Legislative and Regulatory Initiatives. As discussed in more detail under “Reinsurance” above, the Terrorism Act established a federal assistance program to help the commercial property and casualty insurance industry cover claims arising from terrorism-related losses and regulates the terms of insurance relating to the terrorism coverage provided by AIHL’s insurance operating units.

 

In response to the recent financial crisis, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, or the “Dodd-Frank Act,” was enacted in July 2010. The Dodd-Frank Act made extensive changes to the laws regulating financial services firms and requires various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementing rules and regulations. In addition to introducing sweeping reform of the U.S. financial services industry, the Dodd-Frank Act adopts certain changes to U.S. insurance regulation in general, and to non-admitted insurance and reinsurance in particular. The Dodd-Frank Act incorporates the Non-Admitted and Reinsurance Reform Act, or the “NRRA,” which will become effective on July 21, 2011. Among other things, the NRRA would establish national uniform standards on how states may regulate and tax surplus lines insurance (and also sets national standards concerning the regulation of reinsurance). In particular, the NRRA gives regulators in the state where an insurer is domiciled exclusive authority to regulate and tax surplus lines insurance transactions, and regulators in a ceding insurer’s state of domicile are given the sole responsibility for regulating the balance sheet credit that the ceding insurer may take for reinsurance recoverables. At the present time, it is unclear what effect the NRRA changes specific to non-admitted insurance and reinsurance will have on AIHL’s insurance operating units, and there is still significant uncertainty as to how these and other provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act will be implemented in practice.

 

The Dodd-Frank Act also creates the Federal Insurance Office within the Department of Treasury, which is designed to promote national coordination within the insurance sector and which would have the authority, in part, to monitor all aspects of the insurance industry, including identifying issues or gaps in the regulation of insurers that could contribute to a systemic crisis in the insurance industry or the U.S. financial system.

 

Federal agencies have been given significant discretion in drafting the rules and regulations that will implement the Dodd-Frank Act. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act mandated multiple studies and reports for the U.S. Congress, which could in some cases result in additional legislative or regulatory action. We cannot predict the requirements of the regulations ultimately adopted under the Dodd-Frank Act or any related additional legislation, the additional costs resulting from compliance with such regulations or legislation, or any changes to our operations that may be necessary to comply with the Dodd-Frank Act.

 

In addition, a number of legislative and regulatory initiatives under consideration may significantly affect the insurance business in a variety of ways. These measures include, among other things, tort reform, consumer privacy requirements and proposals for the establishment of state or federal catastrophe funds.

 

Employees

 

AIHL’s insurance operating units employed 725 persons at December 31, 2010, 357 of whom were at RSUI and its subsidiaries, 224 of whom were at CATA and its subsidiaries, and 144 of whom were at PCC and its subsidiaries. AIHL Re had no employees at December 31, 2010.

 

Corporate Activities

 

Alleghany Properties

 

Headquartered in Sacramento, California, Alleghany Properties owns and manages properties in Sacramento, California. These properties include primarily improved and unimproved commercial land, as well as residential lots. The majority of these properties are located in the City of Sacramento in the planned community of North Natomas. A considerable amount of development activity has occurred in the North Natomas area since 1998,

including the construction of more than 13,500 single family homes, 4,000 apartment units, 1.1 million square feet of office buildings and 2.3 million square feet of retail space. Participating in this growth, Alleghany Properties sold over 387 acres of residential land and 92 acres of commercial property through December 31, 2008, when development activity within North Natomas was temporarily halted. The temporary halt in development activity was a result of new Federal Emergency Management Agency flood insurance maps for the area which revoked the area’s previously certified 100-year flood protection. This action will limit development activity until late 2012 when it is anticipated that sufficient progress on the levee improvements will have occurred to restore the 100-year flood protection. At December 31, 2010, Alleghany Properties owned approximately 320 acres of property in various land use categories ranging from multi-family residential to commercial. In 2010, Alleghany Properties leveraged its local real estate expertise and made a small investment in low income housing tax credits. Alleghany Properties had three employees at December 31, 2010.

 

Alleghany Capital Partners

 

Primarily through our indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary, Alleghany Capital Partners, we manage our public equity investments, including those held by our insurance operating units, as well as conduct equity investment and non-insurance acquisition research. Alleghany Capital Partners employed 4 people at December 31, 2010.

 

Parent Company Operations

 

At the parent level, we seek out attractive investment opportunities, including strategic investments in operating companies, delegate responsibilities to competent and motivated managers at the operating business level, define risk parameters, set management goals for our operating businesses, ensure that operating business managers are provided with incentives to meet these goals and monitor their progress. Strategic investments currently include an approximately 33 percent stake in Homesite and an approximately 38 percent stake in ORX. At December 31, 2010, we had 13 employees at the parent level.

 

 

We face risks from our property and casualty and surety insurance businesses and our investments in debt and equity securities. Discussed below are significant risks that our business faces. If any of the events or circumstances described as risks below actually occurs, our business, results of operations or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. Our businesses may also be adversely affected by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial.

 

Risk Factors Relating to our Operating Units

 

The reserves for loss and LAE of our insurance operating units are estimates and may not be adequate, which would require our insurance operating units to establish additional reserves. Gross reserves for loss and LAE reported on our balance sheet as of December 31, 2010 were approximately $2.3 billion. These loss and LAE reserves reflect our best estimates of the cost of settling all claims and related expenses with respect to insured events that have occurred. Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but rather an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claims administration will cost for claims that have occurred, whether known or unknown. These reserve estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances currently known and assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns, including expected future trends in claims severity and frequency, inflation, judicial theories of liability, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and other factors.

 

The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities, where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made and settlement is reached. Our liabilities for loss and LAE can generally be categorized into two distinct groups, short-tail business and long-tail business. Short-tail business refers to lines of business, such as property, for which losses are usually known and paid shortly after the loss actually occurs. Long-tail business describes lines of business for which specific losses may not be known and reported for some period and losses take much longer to emerge. Given the time frame over which long-tail exposures are ultimately settled, there is greater uncertainty and volatility in these lines than in short-tail lines of

business. Our long-tail coverages consist of most casualty lines including professional liability, D&O liability, general liability, umbrella/excess and certain workers’ compensation exposures. Some factors that contribute to the uncertainty and volatility of long-tail casualty programs, and thus require a significant degree of judgment in the reserving process, include the inherent uncertainty as to the length of reporting and payment development patterns, the possibility of judicial interpretations or legislative changes that might impact future loss experience relative to prior loss experience and the potential lack of comparability of the underlying data used in performing loss reserve analyses.

 

In periods with increased economic volatility, it becomes more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. It is especially difficult to estimate the impact of inflation on loss reserves given the current economic environment and related regulatory and government actions. Reserve estimates are continually refined in an ongoing process as experience develops and further claims are reported and settled. Adjustments to reserves are reflected in the results of the periods in which the adjustments are made. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, we cannot assure you that our current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events. Should our insurance operating units need to increase their reserves, our pre-tax income for the period would decrease by a corresponding amount. Although current reserves reflect our best estimate of the costs of settling claims, we cannot assure you that our reserve estimates will not need to be increased in the future.

 

Significant competitive pressures may prevent our insurance operating units from retaining existing business or writing new business at adequate rates. Our insurance operating units compete with a large number of other companies in their selected lines of business. They compete, and will continue to compete, with major U.S. and non-U.S. insurers, other regional companies, mutual companies, specialty insurance companies, underwriting agencies, state funds and diversified financial services companies. Many competitors have considerably greater financial resources and greater experience in the insurance industry and offer a broader line of insurance products than do AIHL’s insurance operating units. Except for regulatory considerations, there are virtually no barriers to entry into the insurance industry. Competition may be domestic or foreign, and competitors are not necessarily required to be licensed by the various state insurance departments. Competition in the businesses of our insurance operating units is based on many factors, including the perceived financial strength of the company, premium charges, other terms and conditions offered, services provided, commissions paid to producers, ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, speed of claims payment and reputation and experience in the lines to be written. Such competition could cause the supply and/or demand for insurance to change, which could affect the ability of our insurance operating units to price their products at adequate rates. If our insurance operating units are unable to retain existing business or write new business at adequate rates, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 

In the past few years, our insurance operating units have faced increasing competition as a result of an increased flow of capital into the insurance industry, with both new entrants and existing insurers seeking to gain market share. This has resulted in decreased premium rates and less favorable contract terms and conditions. In particular, RSUI and CATA’s specialty lines of business increasingly encounter competition from standard market companies seeking to increase market share. We expect to continue to face strong competition in these and the other lines of business of our insurance operating units, and our insurance operating units may continue to experience decreases in premium rates and/or premium volume and less favorable contract terms and conditions.

 

Our results may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance industry. Historically, the performance of the property and casualty insurance industry has tended to fluctuate in cyclical periods of price competition and excess underwriting capacity, followed by periods of high premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity. Although an individual insurance company’s performance is dependent on its own specific business characteristics, the profitability of most property and casualty insurance companies tends to follow this cyclical market pattern. Further, this cyclical market pattern can be more pronounced in the excess and surplus market, in which RSUI primarily competes, than in the standard insurance market. When premium rates are high and there is a shortage of capacity in the standard insurance market, the same factors are present in the excess and surplus market, and growth in the excess and surplus market can be significantly more rapid than growth in the standard insurance market. Similarly, when there is price competition and excess underwriting capacity in the standard insurance market, many customers that were previously driven into the excess and surplus market may return to the standard insurance market, exacerbating the effects of price competition. Since cyclicality is due in

large part to the actions of our insurance operating units’ competitors and general economic factors, we cannot predict the timing or duration of changes in the market cycle. These cyclical patterns cause our revenues and net earnings to fluctuate.

 

Because our insurance operating units are property and casualty insurers, we face losses from natural and human-made catastrophes. Property and casualty insurers are subject to claims arising out of catastrophes that may have a significant effect on their results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. Catastrophe losses, or the absence thereof, have had a significant impact on our results. For example, RSUI’s pre-tax catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance, were $31.0 million in 2010, $6.7 million in 2009 and $97.9 million in 2008 (primarily reflecting 2008 third quarter hurricane net catastrophe losses for Hurricanes Ike, Gustav and Dolly). Several states, or underwriting organizations of which our insurance operating units are required to be members, may increase their mandatory assessments as a result of catastrophes and other events, and we may not be able to fully recoup these increased costs.

 

Natural or human-made catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, other windstorms, earthquakes and floods, as well as terrorist activities. The incidence and severity of catastrophes in any short period of time are inherently unpredictable. The extent of gross losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Most catastrophes are restricted to small geographic areas; however, hurricanes, other windstorms, earthquakes and floods may produce significant damage when those areas are heavily populated. The geographic distribution of AIHL’s insurance operating units subjects them to catastrophe exposure in the United States from hurricanes in the Gulf coast regions, Florida, the Mid-Atlantic and the Northeast, from other windstorms in the Midwest and Southern regions, and earthquakes in California, the Pacific Northwest region and along the New Madrid fault line in the Midwest region. Catastrophes can cause losses in a variety of our property and casualty lines, and most of our past catastrophe-related claims have resulted from severe hurricanes. It is therefore possible that a catastrophic event or multiple catastrophic events could produce significant losses and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 

In addition, longer-term natural catastrophe trends may be changing due to climate change, a phenomenon that has been associated with extreme weather events linked to rising temperatures, and includes effects on global weather patterns, greenhouse gases, sea, land and air temperatures, sea levels, rain and snow. Climate change, to the extent it produces rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns, could impact the frequency or severity of weather events such as hurricanes. To the extent climate change increases the frequency and severity of such weather events, our insurance operating units, particularly RSUI, may face increased claims, particularly with respect to properties located in coastal areas. Our insurance operating units take certain measures to mitigate against the frequency and severity of such events by giving consideration to these risks in their underwriting and pricing decisions and through the purchase of reinsurance. To the extent broad environmental factors, exacerbated by climate change or otherwise, lead to increases in insured losses, particularly if those losses exceed the expectations, including reinsurance coverage, of our insurance operating units, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 

With respect to terrorism, to the extent that reinsurers have excluded coverage for certain terrorist acts or have priced this coverage at rates that are not practical, our insurance operating units, particularly RSUI, would not have reinsurance protection and would be exposed to potential losses as a result of any terrorist acts. To the extent an act of terrorism is certified by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, we may be covered under the Terrorism Act. Information regarding the Terrorism Act and its impact on our insurance operating units can be found on pages 23 and 24 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

We cannot guarantee that the reinsurers used by our insurance operating units will pay in a timely fashion, if at all, and, as a result, we could experience losses even if reinsured. As part of their overall risk and capacity management strategy, our insurance operating units purchase reinsurance by transferring, or ceding, part of the risk that they have underwritten to a reinsurance company in exchange for part of the premium received by our insurance operating units in connection with that risk. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer liable to our insurance operating units to the extent the risk is transferred or ceded to the reinsurer, it does not relieve our insurance operating units of their liability to their policyholders. Reinsurers may not pay the reinsurance

recoverables that they owe to our insurance operating units or they may not pay these recoverables on a timely basis. This risk may increase significantly if these reinsurers experience financial difficulties as a result of catastrophes and other events. Underwriting results and investment returns of some of the reinsurers used by our insurance operating units may affect their future ability to pay claims. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to our insurance operating units’ reinsurers, and if they fail to pay, our financial results would be adversely affected. As of December 31, 2010, the amount due from reinsurers reported on our balance sheet was $0.9 billion, with approximately $0.8 billion attributable to RSUI’s reinsurers.

 

If market conditions cause reinsurance to be more costly or unavailable, our insurance operating units may be required to bear increased risks or reduce the level of their underwriting commitments. As part of our overall risk and capacity management strategy, our insurance operating units purchase reinsurance for certain amounts of risk underwritten by them, especially catastrophe risks. The reinsurance programs purchased by our insurance operating units are generally subject to annual renewal. Market conditions beyond their control determine the availability and cost of the reinsurance protection they purchase, which may affect the level of their business written and thus their profitability. If our insurance operating units are unable to renew their expiring facilities or to obtain new reinsurance facilities, either their net exposures on future policies would increase, which could increase the volatility of their results or, if they are unwilling to bear an increase in net exposures, they would have to reduce the level of their underwriting commitments, especially catastrophe-exposed risks, which may reduce their revenues and net earnings. Generally, under reinsurance contracts, an insured, to the extent it exhausts its original coverage under a reinsurance contract during a single coverage period (typically a single twelve-month period), can pay a reinsurance reinstatement premium to restore coverage during such coverage period. If our insurance operating units exhaust their original and reinstated coverage under their third-party catastrophic reinsurance contracts during a single coverage period, they will not have any reinsurance coverage available for losses incurred as a result of additional catastrophic events during that coverage period. The exhaustion of such reinsurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on the profitability of our insurance operating units in any given period and on our results of operations.

 

RSUI attempts to manage its exposure to catastrophe risk partially through the use of catastrophe modeling software. The failure of this software to accurately gauge the catastrophe-exposed risks RSUI writes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. As part of its approach to managing catastrophe risk, RSUI has historically used a number of tools, including third-party catastrophe modeling software, to help evaluate potential losses. RSUI has used modeled loss scenarios to set its level of risk retention and help structure its reinsurance programs. Modeled loss estimates, however, have not always accurately predicted RSUI’s ultimate losses with respect to hurricane activity. Accordingly, in an effort to better manage its accumulations of risk such that its loss exposure conforms to its established risk tolerances and fits within its reinsurance programs, RSUI periodically reviews its catastrophe exposure management approach, which may result in the implementation of new monitoring tools and a revision of its underwriting guidelines and procedures. However, these efforts may not be successful in sufficiently mitigating risk exposures and losses resulting from future catastrophes.

 

Our insurance operating units are rated by A.M. Best and a decline in these ratings could affect the standing of our insurance operating units in the insurance industry and cause their premium volume and earnings to decrease. Ratings have become an increasingly important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Some of our insurance operating unit companies are rated by A.M. Best, an independent organization that analyzes the insurance industry. A.M. Best’s ratings reflect its opinion of an insurance company’s financial strength, operating performance, strategic position and ability to meet its obligations to policyholders. These ratings are subject to periodic review, and we cannot assure you that any of our insurance operating unit companies will be able to retain those ratings. In this regard, as a result of PCC’s determination in June 2009 to cease writing business on a direct basis and certain other factors, A.M. Best downgraded its rating of PCIC from A- (Excellent), with a negative outlook, to B++ (Good), with a stable outlook on June 30, 2009. If the ratings of our insurance operating unit companies are reduced, or in the case of PCIC, further reduced, from their current levels by A.M. Best, their competitive positions in the insurance industry could suffer and it would be more difficult for them to market their products. A significant downgrade could result in a substantial loss of business as policyholders move to other companies with higher claims-paying and financial strength ratings.

The businesses of our insurance operating units are heavily regulated, and changes in regulation may reduce their profitability and limit their growth. Our insurance operating units are subject to extensive regulation and supervision in the jurisdictions in which they conduct business. This regulation is generally designed to protect the interests of policyholders, and not necessarily the interests of insurers, their stockholders or other investors. The regulation relates to authorization for lines of business, capital and surplus requirements, investment limitations, underwriting limitations, transactions with affiliates, dividend limitations, changes in control, premium rates and a variety of other financial and nonfinancial components of an insurance company’s business.

 

Virtually all states in which our insurance operating units conduct their business require them, together with other insurers licensed to do business in that state, to bear a portion of the loss suffered by some insureds as the result of impaired or insolvent insurance companies. In addition, in various states, our insurance operating units must participate in mandatory arrangements to provide various types of insurance coverage to individuals or other entities that otherwise are unable to purchase that coverage from private insurers. A few states require our insurance operating units to purchase reinsurance from a mandatory reinsurance fund. Such reinsurance funds can create a credit risk for insurers if not adequately funded by the state and, in some cases, the existence of a reinsurance fund could affect the prices charged for the policies issued by our insurance operating units. The effect of these and similar arrangements could reduce the profitability of our insurance operating units in any given period or limit the ability of our insurance operating units to grow their business.

 

In recent years, the state insurance regulatory framework has come under increased scrutiny, and some state legislatures have considered or enacted laws that may alter or increase state authority to regulate insurance companies and insurance holding companies. Further, the NAIC and state insurance regulators are continually reexamining existing laws and regulations, specifically focusing on modifications to statutory accounting principles, interpretations of existing laws and the development of new laws and regulations. On the federal level, the Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, mandated significant changes to the regulation of U.S. insurance, as discussed above. We cannot predict the requirements of the regulations ultimately adopted under the Dodd-Frank Act or the impact such regulation will have on our business. These regulations, and any proposed or future state or federal legislation or NAIC initiatives, if adopted, may be more restrictive on the ability of our insurance operating units to conduct business than current regulatory requirements or may result in higher costs.

 

Laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which we conduct business could delay, deter or prevent an attempt to acquire control of us that stockholders might consider to be desirable, and may restrict a stockholder’s ability to purchase more than 10 percent of our common stock. Generally, the insurance holding company laws require that, before a person can acquire control of an insurance company, prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance regulatory authorities in the state in which that insurance company is domiciled. Pursuant to applicable laws and regulations, “control” over an insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds the power to vote, or holds proxies representing, 10 percent or more of the voting securities of that insurer. Indirect ownership includes ownership of the shares of our common stock. Thus, the insurance regulatory authorities of the states in which our insurance operating units are domiciled are likely to apply these restrictions on acquisition of control to any proposed acquisition of 10 percent or more of our common stock.

 

Some states require a person seeking to acquire control of an insurer licensed but not domiciled in that state to make a filing prior to completing an acquisition if the acquirer and its affiliates, on the one hand, and the target insurer and its affiliates, on the other hand, have specified market shares in the same lines of insurance in that state. While these provisions may not require acquisition approval, they can lead to the imposition of conditions on an acquisition that could delay or prevent its consummation.

 

These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change in control of us through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable.

 

Legislative and judicial changes may have an effect on workers’ compensation claims in California. Benefit rights under workers’ compensation laws in California continue to be subject to judicial decisions and legislative changes that may increase amounts payable by all workers’ compensation insurers, including PCC.

Risk Factors Relating to our Investments and Assets

 

A substantial amount of our assets is invested in debt securities and is subject to market fluctuations. A substantial portion of our investment portfolio consists of debt securities. As of December 31, 2010, our investment in debt securities was approximately $2.8 billion, or 58.9 percent of our total investment portfolio. The fair market value of these assets and the investment income from these assets fluctuate depending on general economic and market conditions. A rise in interest rates would decrease the net unrealized gain position of our investment portfolio and potentially produce a net unrealized loss position, offset by our ability to earn higher rates of return on funds reinvested. Conversely, a decline in interest rates would increase the net unrealized gain position of our investment portfolio, offset by lower rates of return on funds reinvested. Based upon the composition and duration of our investment portfolio at December 31, 2010, a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would result in an approximate $122.9 million decrease in the fair value of our debt security investments. In addition, some debt securities, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, carry prepayment risk, or the risk that principal will be returned more rapidly or slowly than expected, as a result of interest rate fluctuations.

 

Defaults, downgrades or other events impairing the value of our debt securities portfolio may reduce our earnings. We are subject to the risk that the issuers of debt securities we own may default on principal and interest payments they owe us. The occurrence of a major economic downturn, acts of corporate malfeasance, widening risk spreads or other events that adversely affect the issuers of these debt securities could cause the value of our debt securities portfolio and our net earnings to decline and the default rate of the debt securities in our investment portfolio to increase. In addition, with economic uncertainty, the credit quality of issuers could be adversely affected and a ratings downgrade of the issuers of the debt securities we own could also cause the value of our debt securities portfolio and our net earnings to decrease. Any event reducing the value of these securities other than on a temporary basis could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We continually monitor the difference between cost and the estimated fair value of our investments in debt securities. If a decline in the value of a particular debt security is deemed to be temporary, we record the decline as an unrealized loss in stockholders’ equity. If the decline is deemed to be other than temporary, we write it down to the carrying value of the investment and record an other-than-temporary impairment loss on our statement of earnings, which may be material to our operating results.

 

We invest some of our assets in equity securities, which are subject to fluctuations in market value. We invest a portion of our investment portfolio in equity securities which are subject to fluctuations in market value. As of December 31, 2010, our investments in equity securities had a fair market value of approximately $1.5 billion, which represented 31.2 percent of our investment portfolio. We hold our equity securities as available for sale, and any changes in the fair value of these securities, net of tax, would be reflected in our accumulated other comprehensive income as a component of stockholders’ equity. If a decline in the value of a particular equity security is deemed to be temporary, we record the decline as an unrealized loss in stockholders’ equity. If the decline is deemed to be other than temporary, we write it down to the carrying value of the investment and record an other-than-temporary impairment loss on our statement of earnings, which may be material to our operating results, regardless of whether we continue to hold the equity security. A severe and/or prolonged downturn in equity markets could give rise to significant impairment charges.

 

In 2010, we recorded $11.1 million of other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity securities, primarily based on the severity and duration of the declines in fair value of such securities relative to their cost as of the balance sheet date. In 2009 and 2008, we recorded $74.1 million and $240.8 million, respectively, of other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity securities, which were primarily based on the severity of the declines in fair value of such securities relative to their cost as of the balance sheet date. The severe declines in 2009 and 2008 were primarily related to a significant deterioration of U.S. equity market conditions during the latter part of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009, which abated somewhat during the remainder of 2009. If U.S. equity market conditions deteriorate in 2011, we may be required to record additional other-than-temporary impairment losses, which could have a material and adverse impact on our results of operations.

 

As of December 31, 2010, our energy sector equity security holdings had an aggregate fair market value of $1.0 billion, which represented 67.0 percent of our equity portfolio. Of the $1.0 billion, $585.0 million represented

our ownership of common stock of Exxon Mobil Corporation. This investment concentration may lead to higher levels of short-term price volatility and variability in the level of unrealized investment gains or losses.

 

If our business does not perform well, we may be required to recognize an impairment of our goodwill or other long-lived assets or to establish a valuation allowance against the deferred income tax asset, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. Goodwill represents the excess of the amount we paid to acquire subsidiaries and other businesses over the fair value of their net assets at the date of acquisition. We test goodwill at least annually for impairment. Impairment testing is performed based upon estimates of the fair value of the operating unit to which the goodwill relates. The fair value of the operating unit is impacted by the performance of the business. The performance of our businesses may be adversely impacted by prolonged market declines. If it is determined that the goodwill has been impaired, we must write down the goodwill by the amount of the impairment, with a corresponding charge to net earnings. Such write-downs could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position. For example, in connection with impairment testing of goodwill and other intangible assets as of December 31, 2008, we determined that the $48.7 million of goodwill associated with our acquisition of PCC was impaired. As a result, as of December 31, 2008, we recorded a non-cash charge of $48.7 million, representing the entire PCC goodwill balance at such date. PCC also recorded a pre-tax, non-cash impairment charge of $11.2 million in the 2009 second quarter, representing the entire carrying value of PCC’s trade names (originally determined to have indefinite useful lives), renewal rights, distribution rights and database development, net of accumulated amortization. A decrease in the expected future earnings of RSUI and CATA could lead to an impairment of some or all of the goodwill associated with such operating units in future periods.

 

Deferred income tax represents the tax effect of the differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are assessed periodically by management to determine if they are recoverable. Factors in management’s determination include the performance of the business including the ability to generate capital gains. If it is more likely than not that the deferred income tax asset will not be realized based on available information then a valuation allowance must be established with a corresponding charge to net earnings. Such charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position. Deterioration of financial market conditions could result in the impairment of long-lived assets and the establishment of a valuation allowance on our deferred income tax assets.

 

Risks Relating to our Senior Notes

 

Our failure to comply with restrictive covenants contained in the indenture governing the Senior Notes or any other indebtedness, including indebtedness under our revolving credit facility and any future indebtedness, could trigger prepayment obligations, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. On September 9, 2010, we entered into a three-year credit agreement with a bank which provides for a two tranche revolving credit facility, or the “Credit Agreement,” in an aggregate principal amount of up to $100.0 million. On September 20, 2010, we issued $300.0 million of the 5.625% Senior Notes due September 15, 2020, or the “Senior Notes.” The indenture governing the Senior Notes contains covenants that impose restrictions on us with respect to, among other things, the incurrence of liens on the capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries. The indenture governing the Senior Notes requires us to file with the trustee copies of our annual, quarterly and current reports which we are required to file with the SEC, and the Credit Agreement requires us to comply with certain covenants. Our failure to comply with such covenants could result in an event of default under the indenture, under the Credit Agreement or under any other debt agreement we may enter into in the future, which could, if not cured or waived, result in us being required to repay the Senior Notes, the indebtedness under the Credit Agreement or any other future indebtedness. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 

To service our debt, we will require a significant amount of cash, which may not be available to us. Our ability to make payments on, or repay or refinance, our debt, including the Senior Notes, will depend largely upon the future performance and use of our Corporate activities investment portfolio, and our future operating performance, including the operating performance of our subsidiaries. Our future performance, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. In addition, our ability to borrow funds in the future will depend on the satisfaction of the

covenants in the indenture governing the Senior Notes, in the Credit Agreement and in other debt agreements we may enter into in the future. Under the Credit Agreement, we also need to maintain certain financial ratios. We cannot assure you that our business, including the operating performance of our subsidiaries, will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us under the Credit Agreement or from other sources in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debt, including the Senior Notes, or to fund our other liquidity needs.

 

 

There are no unresolved written comments that were received from the SEC staff 180 days or more before the end of our fiscal year relating to our periodic or current reports under the Exchange Act.

 

 

Our subsidiaries are parties to pending litigation and claims in connection with the ordinary course of their businesses. Each subsidiary makes provision on its books, in accordance with GAAP, for estimated losses to be incurred in connection with such litigation and claims, including legal costs. In the opinion of management, this provision is adequate under GAAP as of December 31, 2010.

 

 

 

Market Information, Holders and Dividends

 

As of December 31, 2010, there were 981 holders of record of our common stock. The following table indicates quarterly high and low prices of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and 2009. Our ticker symbol is Y.

 

 

In 2010 and 2009, our Board of Directors declared, as our dividend on our common stock for each such year, a stock dividend consisting of one share of our common stock for every fifty shares outstanding.

 

Purchases of Equity Securities by Us

 

The following table summarizes our common stock repurchases for the quarter ended December 31, 2010:

 

 

 

PERFORMANCE GRAPH

 

The following graph compares for the years 2006 through 2010 the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock, the cumulative total return on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index (the “S&P 500”), and the cumulative total return on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Property and Casualty Insurance Index (the “P&C Index”). The graph shows the value at the end of each such year of $100 invested as of January 1, 2006 in our common stock, the S&P 500 and the P&C Index.

 

 

 

This performance graph is based on the following assumptions: (i) cash dividends are reinvested on the ex-dividend date in respect of such dividend; and (ii) the two-percent stock dividends we have paid in each of the years 2006 through 2010 are included in the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock.

 

Alleghany Corporation and Subsidiaries*

 

 

 

 

 

“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” contain disclosures which are forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include all statements that do not relate solely to historical or current facts, and can be identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “project,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “believe,” “potential,” “should,” “continue” or the negative versions of those words or other comparable words. These forward-looking statements are based upon our current plans or expectations and are subject to a number of uncertainties and risks that could significantly affect current plans, anticipated actions and our future financial condition and results. These statements are not guarantees of future performance, and we have no specific intention to update these statements. The uncertainties and risks include, but are not limited to,

 

 

Additional risks and uncertainties include general economic and political conditions, including the effects of a prolonged U.S. or global economic downturn or recession; changes in costs; variations in political, economic or other factors; risks relating to conducting operations in a competitive environment; effects of acquisition and disposition activities, inflation rates, or recessionary or expansive trends; changes in interest rates; extended labor disruptions, civil unrest, or other external factors over which we have no control; and changes in our plans, strategies, objectives, expectations, or intentions, which may happen at any time at our discretion. As a consequence, current plans, anticipated actions, and future financial condition and results may differ from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf.

 

Critical Accounting Estimates

 

Loss and LAE

 

Overview.  Each of our insurance operating units establishes reserves on its balance sheet for unpaid loss and LAE related to its property and casualty insurance and surety contracts. As of any balance sheet date, historically there have been claims that have not yet been reported, and some claims may not be reported for many years after the date a loss occurs. As a result of this historical pattern, the liability for unpaid loss and LAE includes significant estimates for IBNR. Additionally, reported claims are in various stages of the settlement process. Each claim is settled individually based upon its merits, and certain claims may take years to settle, especially if legal action is

involved. As a result, the liabilities for unpaid loss and LAE include significant judgments, assumptions and estimates made by management relating to the actual ultimate losses that will arise from the claims. Due to the inherent uncertainties in the process of establishing these liabilities, the actual ultimate loss from a claim is likely to differ, perhaps materially, from the liability initially recorded and could be material to the results of our operations. The accounting policies that our insurance operating units use in connection with the establishment of these liabilities include critical accounting estimates.

 

As noted above, as of any balance sheet date, not all claims that have occurred have been reported to our insurance operating units, and if reported may not have been settled. The time period between the occurrence of a loss and the time it is settled by the insurer is referred to as the “claim tail.” Property claims usually have a fairly short claim tail and, absent claim litigation, are reported and settled within no more than a few years of the date they occur. For short-tail lines, loss reserves consist primarily of reserves for reported claims. The process of recording quarterly and annual liabilities for unpaid loss and LAE for short-tail lines is primarily focused on maintaining an appropriate reserve level for reported claims and IBNR, rather than determining an expected loss ratio for the current business. Specifically, we assess the reserve adequacy of IBNR in light of such factors as the current levels of reserves for reported claims and expectations with respect to reporting lags, historical data, legal developments, and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. At December 31, 2010, the amount of IBNR for short-tail claims represented approximately 1.3 percent, or $29.6 million, of our total gross loss and LAE liabilities of $2.3 billion. In conformity with GAAP, our insurance operating units are not permitted to establish IBNR reserves for catastrophe losses that have not occurred. Therefore, losses related to a significant catastrophe, or accumulation of catastrophes, in any reporting period could have a material, negative impact on our results during that period.

 

Our insurance operating units provide coverage on both a claims-made and occurrence basis. Claims-made policies generally require that claims occur and be reported during the coverage period of the policy. Occurrence policies allow claims which occur during a policy’s coverage period to be reported after the coverage period, and as a result, these claims can have a very long claim tail, occasionally extending for decades. Casualty claims can have a very long claim tail, in certain situations extending for many years. In addition, casualty claims are more susceptible to litigation and the legal environment and can be significantly affected by changing contract interpretations, all of which contribute to extending the claim tail. For long-tail casualty lines of business, estimation of ultimate liabilities for unpaid loss and LAE is a more complex process and depends on a number of factors, including the line and volume of the business involved. For these reasons, AIHL’s insurance operating units will generally use actuarial projections in setting reserves for all casualty lines of business.

 

Although we are unable at this time to determine whether additional reserves, which could have a material impact upon our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, may be necessary in the future, we believe that the reserves for unpaid loss and LAE established by our insurance operating units are adequate as of December 31, 2010.

 

Methodologies and Assumptions. Our insurance operating units use a variety of techniques that employ significant judgments and assumptions to establish the liabilities for unpaid loss and LAE recorded at the balance sheet date. These techniques include detailed statistical analyses of past claim reporting, settlement activity, claim frequency, internal loss experience, changes in pricing or coverages and severity data when sufficient information exists to lend statistical credibility to the analyses. More subjective techniques are used when statistical data is insufficient or unavailable. These liabilities also reflect implicit or explicit assumptions regarding the potential effects of future inflation, judicial decisions, changes in laws and recent trends in such factors, as well as a number of actuarial assumptions that vary across our insurance operating units and across lines of business. This data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident year, as appropriate.

 

Our loss reserve review processes use actuarial methods that vary by insurance operating unit and line of business and produce point estimates for each class of business. The actuarial methods used by our insurance operating units include the following methods:

 

 

 

The primary assumptions used by our insurance operating units include the following:

 

 

Each of the above actuarial assumptions may also incorporate data from the insurance industry as a whole, or peer companies writing substantially similar insurance coverages, in the absence of sufficiently credible internally-derived historical information. Data from external sources may be used to set expectations, as well as assumptions regarding loss frequency or severity relative to an exposure unit or claim, among other actuarial parameters. Assumptions regarding the application or composition of peer group or industry reserving parameters require substantial judgment. The use of data from external sources was most significant for PCC as of December 31, 2010.

 

Sensitivity. Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described above. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic conditions or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations. Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to our insurance operating units. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags), as well as the amount of reserves needed for IBNR. If the actual level of loss frequency and severity is higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s estimates. A small percentage change in an estimate can result in a material effect on our reported earnings. The following table reflects the impact of changes, which could be favorable or unfavorable, in frequency and severity on our loss estimates for claims occurring in 2010 (dollars in millions):

 

 

Our net reserves for loss and LAE of $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2010 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency or severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower

than the amounts reflected above. We believe the above analysis provides a reasonable benchmark for sensitivity as we believe it is within historical variation for our reserves. Currently, none of the scenarios is believed to be more likely than the other.

 

Prior Year Development. Our insurance operating units continually evaluate the potential for changes, both positive and negative, in their estimates of their loss and LAE liabilities and use the results of these evaluations to adjust both recorded liabilities and underwriting criteria. With respect to liabilities for unpaid loss and LAE established in prior years, these liabilities are periodically analyzed and their expected ultimate cost adjusted, where necessary, to reflect positive or negative development in loss experience and new information, including, for certain catastrophic events, revised industry estimates of the magnitude of a catastrophe. Adjustments to previously recorded liabilities for unpaid loss and LAE, both positive and negative, are reflected in our financial results in the periods in which these adjustments are made and are referred to as prior year reserve development. Each of RSUI, CATA and PCC adjusted its prior year loss and LAE reserve estimate during 2010 and 2009 based on current information that differed from previous assumptions made at the time such loss and LAE reserves were previously estimated. These reserve increases/(decreases) to prior year net reserves are summarized as follows (in millions):

 

 

The more significant prior year adjustments affecting 2010 and 2009 are summarized as follows:

 

 

 

Asbestos and Environmental Impairment Reserves. Our reserve for unpaid loss and LAE includes $14.1 million and $14.0 million of gross and net reserves, respectively, at December 31, 2010, for asbestos and environmental impairment claims that arose from reinsurance of certain general liability and commercial multiple peril coverages assumed by Capitol Indemnity between 1969 and 1976. Reserves for asbestos and environmental impairment claims cannot be estimated with traditional loss reserving techniques because of uncertainties that are greater than those associated with other types of claims. Factors contributing to these uncertainties include a lack of historical data, the significant periods of time that often elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss and the reporting of that loss to the ceding company and the reinsurer, uncertainty as to

the number and identity of insureds with potential exposure to these risks, unresolved legal issues regarding policy coverage, and the extent and timing of any such contractual liability. Loss reserve estimates for these asbestos and environmental impairment exposures include case reserves, which also reflect reserves for legal and other LAE and IBNR reserves. IBNR reserves are determined based upon CATA’s historic general liability exposure base and policy language, asbestos liability law, judicial settlements of asbestos liabilities, previous environmental impairment loss experience, the assessment of current trends of environmental law and environmental cleanup costs.

 

For both asbestos and environmental impairment reinsurance claims, CATA establishes case reserves by receiving case reserve amounts from its ceding companies and verifies these amounts against reinsurance contract terms, analyzing from the first dollar of loss incurred by the primary insurer. In establishing the liability for asbestos and environmental impairment claims, CATA considers facts currently known and the current state of the applicable law and coverage litigation. Additionally, ceding companies often report potential losses on a precautionary basis to protect their rights under the reinsurance arrangement, which generally calls for prompt notice to the reinsurer. Ceding companies, at the time they report potential losses, advise CATA of the ceding companies’ current estimate of the extent of the loss. CATA’s claims department reviews each of the precautionary claims notices and, based upon current information, assesses the likelihood of loss to CATA. This assessment is one of the factors used in determining the adequacy of the recorded asbestos and environmental impairment reserves. Although we are unable at this time to determine whether additional reserves, which could have a material impact upon our results of operations, may be necessary in the future, we believe that CATA’s asbestos and environmental impairment reserves are adequate as of December 31, 2010. Additional information regarding asbestos and environmental impairment claims can be found on page 21 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

Reinsurance. Receivables recorded with respect to claims ceded by our insurance operating units to reinsurers under reinsurance contracts are predicated in large part on the estimates for unpaid losses and, therefore, are also subject to a significant degree of uncertainty. In addition to the factors cited above, reinsurance receivables may prove uncollectible if the reinsurer is unable to perform under the contract. Reinsurance contracts purchased by our insurance operating units do not relieve them of their obligations to their own policyholders. Additional information regarding the use of, and risks related to, the use of reinsurance by our insurance operating units can be found on pages 22 through 24 and pages 31 and 32 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

Investments Impairment

 

We hold our equity and debt securities as available for sale, and as such, these securities are recorded at fair value. We continually monitor the difference between cost and the estimated fair value of our investments, which involves uncertainty as to whether declines in value are temporary in nature. If a decline in the value of a particular investment is deemed temporary, we record the decline as an unrealized loss in stockholders’ equity. If the decline is deemed to be other than temporary, we write it down to the carrying value of the investment and record an other-than-temporary impairment loss on our statement of earnings, regardless of whether we continue to hold the applicable security. In addition, under GAAP, any portion of such decline that relates to debt securities that is believed to arise from factors other than credit is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income.

 

Management’s assessment of a decline in value includes, among other things,

 

 

A debt security is deemed impaired if it is probable that we will not be able to collect all amounts due under the security’s contractual terms. An equity security is deemed impaired if, among other things, its decline in estimated

fair value has existed for twelve months or more or if its decline in estimated fair value from its cost is greater than 50 percent, absent compelling evidence to the contrary. Further, for securities expected to be sold, an other-than-temporary impairment loss is recognized if we do not expect the fair value of a security to recover its cost prior to the expected date of sale. If that judgment changes in the future, we may ultimately record a realized loss after having originally concluded that the decline in value was temporary. Risks and uncertainties are inherent in the methodology we use to assess other-than-temporary declines in value. Risks and uncertainties could include, but are not limited to, incorrect assumptions about financial condition, liquidity or future prospects, inadequacy of any underlying collateral, and unfavorable changes in economic or social conditions, interest rates or credit ratings.

 

See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this Form 10-K Report for additional information on our investments and investment impairments.

 

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

 

Our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2010 includes goodwill and other intangible assets, net of amortization, of $142.3 million. This amount has been recorded as a result of business acquisitions. Other intangible assets that are not deemed to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Goodwill and other intangible assets deemed to have an indefinite useful life are tested annually in the fourth quarter of every calendar year for impairment and at such other times upon the occurrence of certain events. We also evaluate goodwill and other intangible assets whenever events and changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. A significant amount of judgment is required in performing goodwill and other intangible asset impairment tests. These tests include estimating the fair value of our operating units and other intangible assets. With respect to goodwill, as required by GAAP, we compare the estimated fair value of our operating units with their respective carrying amounts including goodwill. Under GAAP, fair value refers to the amount for which the entire operating unit may be bought or sold. Our methods for estimating operating unit values include asset and liability fair values and other valuation techniques, such as discounted cash flows and multiples of earnings or revenues. All of these methods involve significant estimates and assumptions.

 

We recorded a pre-tax, non-cash impairment charge of $11.2 million in 2009, which is classified as a net realized capital loss on our consolidated statement of earnings for the year ended December 31, 2009. The $11.2 million pre-tax, non-cash impairment charge represents the entire carrying value of PCC’s trade names, originally determined to have indefinite useful lives, renewal rights, distribution rights and database development, net of accumulated amortization. The impairment charge was due primarily to PCC’s determination in June 2009 that it was unable to write business at rates it deemed adequate due to the state of the California workers’ compensation market. As a result, PCC ceased soliciting new or renewal business on a direct basis commencing August 1, 2009 and took corresponding expense reduction steps, including staff reductions, in light of such determination. In addition, immaterial accruals were established related to terminated employee severance payments and other charges.

 

In connection with impairment testing of our goodwill and other intangible assets in the fourth quarter of 2008, we also determined that the $48.7 million of goodwill associated with our acquisition of PCC was impaired in its entirety. As a result, at December 31, 2008, we recorded a non-cash charge of $48.7 million, which is classified as a net realized capital loss in our consolidated statement of earnings for the year ended December 31, 2008 and represents the entire PCC goodwill balance at such date. Our estimation of PCC’s fair value was based primarily on observing the stock market-based valuations of other publicly-traded insurance carriers. The factors that contributed to our determination that the PCC goodwill was impaired included unfavorable conditions in the U.S. economy and California workers’ compensation insurance market, combined with PCC’s poor results during 2008. There was no resulting impact to our tax balances as a result of this charge.

 

See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this Form 10-K Report for additional information on our goodwill and other intangible assets.

 

Deferred Taxes

 

We file a consolidated federal income tax return with our subsidiaries. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying

amount of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. At December 31, 2010, a net deferred tax asset of $77.1 million was recorded, which included a valuation allowance of $15.0 million for certain deferred state tax assets which we believe may not be realized. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. This determination is based upon a review of anticipated future earnings as well as all available evidence, both positive and negative.

 

See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this Form 10-K Report for additional information on our deferred taxes.

 

In addition to the policies described above which contain critical accounting estimates, our other accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this Form 10-K Report. The accounting policies described in Note 1 require us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities but do not meet the level of materiality required for a determination that the accounting policy includes critical accounting estimates. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to the value of long-lived assets, deferred acquisition costs, incentive compensation, pension benefits and contingencies and litigation. Our estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

 

Consolidated Results of Operations

 

Overview

 

We are engaged, through AIHL and its subsidiaries, primarily in the property and casualty and surety insurance business. We also own and manage properties in the Sacramento, California region through our subsidiary Alleghany Properties and seek out strategic investments and conduct other activities at the parent level. Primarily through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Alleghany Capital Partners, we manage our public equity investments, including those held by our insurance operating units, as well as conduct equity investment and non-insurance acquisition research. Strategic investments currently include an approximately 33 percent stake in Homesite, a national, full-service, mono-line provider of homeowners insurance, and an approximately 38 percent stake in ORX, a regional gas and oil exploration and production company. Our primary sources of revenues and earnings are our insurance operations and investments.

 

The profitability of our insurance operating units, and as a result, our profitability, is primarily impacted by the adequacy of premium rates, level of catastrophe losses, investment returns, intensity of competition and the cost of reinsurance. The adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and expand the extent of coverage, and the effects of economic inflation on the amount of compensation due for injuries or losses. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is not known with certainty at the time property and casualty insurance policies are issued because premiums are determined before claims are reported.

 

Catastrophe losses, or the absence thereof, can have a significant impact on our results. For example, RSUI’s pre-tax catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance, were $31.0 million for 2010, $6.7 million for 2009 and $97.9 million for 2008 (primarily reflecting net losses from 2008 third quarter Hurricanes Ike, Gustav and Dolly). The incidence and severity of catastrophes in any short period of time are inherently unpredictable. Catastrophes can cause losses in a variety of our property and casualty lines of business, and most of our past catastrophe-related claims have resulted from severe hurricanes. Longer-term natural catastrophe trends may be changing due to climate change, a phenomenon that has been associated with extreme weather events linked to rising temperatures, and includes effects on global weather patterns, sea, land and air temperatures, sea levels, rain and snow. Climate change, to the extent it produces rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns, could impact the frequency or severity of weather events such as hurricanes. To the extent climate change increases the frequency and severity of such

weather events, our insurance operating units, particularly RSUI, may face increased claims, particularly with respect to properties located in coastal areas. Our insurance operating units take certain measures to mitigate against the frequency and severity of such events by giving consideration to these risks in their underwriting and pricing decisions and through the purchase of reinsurance.

 

At December 31, 2010, we had consolidated total investments of approximately $4.8 billion, of which approximately $2.8 billion was invested in debt securities and approximately $1.5 billion was invested in equity securities. Net realized capital gains, other-than-temporary impairment losses and net investment income related to such investment assets are subject to market conditions and management investment decisions and as a result can have a significant impact on our results. Net realized capital gains were $97.4 million in 2010, compared with $320.4 million in 2009, and other-than-temporary impairment losses were $12.3 million in 2010, compared with $85.9 million in 2009.

 

The profitability of our insurance operating units is also impacted by competition generally and price competition in particular. Historically, the performance of the property and casualty insurance industry has tended to fluctuate in cyclical periods of price competition and excess underwriting capacity followed by periods of high premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity. Although an individual insurance company’s performance is dependent on its own specific business characteristics, the profitability of most property and casualty insurance companies tends to follow this cyclical market pattern. In the past few years, our insurance operating units have faced increasing competition as a result of an increased flow of capital into the insurance industry, with both new entrants and existing insurers seeking to gain market share. This has resulted in decreased premium rates and less favorable contract terms and conditions. In particular, RSUI and CATA’s specialty lines of business increasingly encounter competition from standard market companies seeking to increase market share. We expect to continue to face strong competition in these and the other lines of business of our insurance operating units, and our insurance operating units may continue to experience decreases in premium rates and/or premium volume and less favorable contract terms and conditions.

 

As part of their overall risk and capacity management strategy, our insurance operating units purchase reinsurance for certain amounts of risk underwritten by them, especially catastrophe risks. The reinsurance programs purchased by our insurance operating units are generally subject to annual renewal. Market conditions beyond the control of our insurance operating units determine the availability and cost of the reinsurance protection they purchase, which may affect the level of business written and thus their profitability.

The following table summarizes our consolidated revenues, costs and expenses and earnings.

 

 

 

 

Our earnings from continuing operations before income taxes in 2010 decreased from 2009, primarily reflecting lower net realized capital gains and, to a lesser extent, a decline in net premiums earned, partially offset by lower other-than-temporary impairment losses and loss and LAE. The decrease in net realized capital gains primarily reflects the absence of sales of common stock of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation, or “Burlington Northern,” in 2010, which were significant in 2009. The decrease in net premiums earned and loss and LAE in 2010 compared with 2009 reflects the impact of continuing competition at RSUI, as well as PCC’s determination in June 2009 to cease soliciting new and renewal business on a direct basis commencing August 1, 2009. The decrease in other-than-temporary impairment losses was due to improvements in U.S. equity market conditions since the 2009 first quarter when we incurred substantial losses primarily related to a significant deterioration of U.S. equity and, to a lesser extent, residential housing market conditions.

Our earnings from continuing operations before income taxes in 2009 increased substantially from 2008, primarily reflecting higher net realized capital gains, lower other-than-temporary impairment losses and a decrease in loss and LAE, partially offset by lower net premiums earned. The increase in net realized capital gains was due primarily to larger gains on the sales of equity securities, including our holdings of Burlington Northern, as well as certain holdings within our energy portfolio. In addition, 2009 net realized capital gains include a non-cash charge of $11.2 million related to an impairment of assets associated with our acquisition of PCC, compared with $48.7 million of such non-cash charges in 2008. The decrease in other-than-temporary impairment losses was due in part to comparatively improved equity market conditions in 2009 compared with 2008. The decrease in loss and LAE primarily reflects $6.7 million of catastrophe losses at RSUI in 2009, compared with $97.9 million of net catastrophe losses at RSUI in 2008 related in large part to Hurricanes Ike, Gustav and Dolly. The significant decrease in net premiums earned primarily reflects the impact of continuing competition at our insurance operating units.

 

The effective income tax rate on earnings from continuing operations before income taxes was 28.4 percent in 2010, 31.5 percent in 2009 and 33.6 percent in 2008. The lower effective income tax rate in 2010 compared with 2009 primarily reflects the recognition of a permanent tax benefit in the 2010 first quarter. This permanent tax benefit relates to a finalization of our unused foreign tax credits arising from our prior ownership of World Minerals, Inc. which we sold on July 14, 2005. The lower effective income tax rate in 2010 compared with 2009 also reflects increased tax benefits associated with dividends and tax-exempt income. The higher effective income tax rate in 2008 compared with 2009 reflects certain permanent tax differences that had the effect of increasing the effective income tax rate for that year. For 2008, such permanent tax differences related to a $48.7 million non-deductible goodwill impairment charge incurred.

 

Our earnings from discontinued operations consist of the operations of Darwin prior to its disposition in October 2008, net of minority interest expense, and include an after-tax gain upon disposition of $92.1 million in the 2008 fourth quarter, including $9.5 million of gain deferred at the time of Darwin’s initial public offering in May 2006. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 to this Form 10-K Report for additional information on discontinued operations.

AIHL Operating Results

 

AIHL Operating Unit Pre-Tax Results

 

 

 

 

 

Discussion of individual AIHL operating unit results follows, and AIHL investment results are discussed below under “AIHL Investment Results.”

 

RSUI

 

The decrease in gross premiums written by RSUI in 2010 from 2009 primarily reflects the impact of reduced exposures of RSUI’s customers and continuing and increasing competition, particularly in RSUI’s property, umbrella/excess and general liability lines of business, partially offset by growth in RSUI’s binding authority business. RSUI’s net premiums earned decreased in 2010 from 2009 primarily due to the decline in gross premiums written, partially offset by a decrease in ceded premiums written associated primarily with RSUI’s property line of business.

 

The modest decrease in gross premiums written by RSUI in 2009 from 2008 primarily reflects the impact of continuing and increasing competition, particularly in RSUI’s general liability and umbrella/excess lines of business, partially offset by growth in RSUI’s binding authority business. RSUI’s net premiums earned decreased in 2009 from 2008 primarily due to the decline in gross premiums written and an increase in ceded premiums written associated with RSUI’s property line of business.

 

The decrease in loss and LAE in 2010 from 2009 primarily reflects the impact of lower net premiums earned and lower non-catastrophe property losses incurred, partially offset by $31.0 million of catastrophe losses in 2010, compared with $6.7 million of catastrophe losses in 2009. The decrease in loss and LAE in 2010 from 2009 also reflects modestly lower net releases of prior accident year loss reserves in the 2010 period (as further described below).

 

Loss and LAE in 2010 reflect a net $33.9 million release of prior accident year casualty loss reserves, compared with a net $38.4 million release of prior accident year casualty loss reserves during 2009. The $33.9 million net release consisted of a $41.4 million reserve release, partially offset by a $7.5 million reserve increase. The $41.4 million release relates primarily to the general liability and professional liability lines of business primarily for the 2003 through 2007 accident years and reflects favorable loss emergence compared with loss emergence patterns assumed in earlier periods for such lines of business. The $7.5 million increase in loss reserves related to an increase in estimated ultimate 2007 accident year losses for the D&O liability line of business, reflecting, in part, unfavorable loss emergence on certain sub-prime mortgage industry claims. The net $38.4 million release of prior accident year casualty loss reserves during 2009 relates primarily to D&O liability, professional liability and general liability lines of business for the 2003 through 2007 accident years and reflect favorable loss emergence compared with loss emergence patterns assumed in earlier periods for such lines of business.

Loss and LAE in 2010 also reflects increases in prior accident year property loss reserves of $5.3 million related to 2008 third quarter hurricanes and $11.0 million related to 2005 third quarter hurricanes. Loss and LAE in 2009 also reflects a net $9.9 million release of prior accident year property loss reserves related to 2008 third quarter hurricanes.

 

The decrease in loss and LAE in 2009 from 2008 primarily reflects lower catastrophe losses, the impact of lower net premiums earned, and lower net releases of prior accident year loss reserves. Net catastrophe losses were $6.7 million in 2009, compared with $97.9 million of net catastrophe losses at RSUI in 2008, primarily related to 2008 third quarter Hurricanes Ike, Gustav and Dolly. Loss and LAE for 2009 also reflects a net $48.3 million release of prior accident year casualty loss reserves, compared with a net $43.7 million release of prior accident year loss reserves during the corresponding 2008 period. The $48.3 million release consists of $38.4 million related to casualty reserves and $9.9 million related to third quarter 2008 catastrophes, both of which are described above.

 

The decrease in commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses in 2010 compared with 2009, as well as 2009 compared with 2008, primarily reflects the net effect of lower premium volumes described above, which caused premium taxes, commissions and related acquisition costs to decline.

 

The decrease in RSUI’s underwriting profit in 2010 from 2009 primarily reflects a decrease in net premiums earned, partially offset by the decrease in loss and LAE. The increase in RSUI’s underwriting profit in 2009 from 2008 primarily reflects a decrease in loss and LAE, partially offset by the decrease in net premiums earned.

 

Additional information regarding RSUI’s use of reinsurance and risks related to reinsurance recoverables can be found on pages 22 through 24 and pages 31 and 32 of this Form 10-K Report. Additional information regarding RSUI’s prior year reserve adjustments and releases can be found on pages 43 and 44 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

In general, rates at RSUI in 2010 compared with 2009, as well as in 2009 compared with 2008, reflect overall industry trends of downward pricing as a result of increased competition.

 

CATA

 

CATA’s net premiums earned decreased slightly in 2010 from 2009, primarily reflecting continuing price competition in CATA’s property and casualty (including in excess and surplus markets) lines of business, partially offset by higher gross premiums written and net premiums earned in CATA’s commercial surety and miscellaneous errors and omissions liability lines of business. CATA’s gross premiums written and net premiums earned in 2009 decreased from 2008, primarily reflecting continuing price competition in CATA’s property and casualty and commercial surety lines of business, partially offset by gross premiums written and net premiums earned in certain specialty classes of business.

 

The increase in loss and LAE in 2010 from 2009 primarily reflects a lower amount of prior year reserve releases in 2010 compared with 2009, and, to a lesser extent, higher property and workers’ compensation claims. During 2010, CATA had a net prior year reserve release of $3.9 million, compared with a net prior year reserve release of $10.7 million in 2009. Of the $3.9 million reserve release, $3.5 million reflects favorable loss emergence for asbestos and environmental impairment claims based on a reserve study that was completed in the 2010 second quarter. The remaining $0.4 million of the $3.9 million reserve release primarily relates to a net prior year reserve release in 2010 in the surety lines of business, reflecting favorable loss emergence compared with loss emergence patterns assumed in earlier periods for such lines of business. The $10.7 million reserve release in 2009 primarily reflects favorable emergence in the casualty and surety lines of business.

 

The decrease in loss and LAE in 2009 from 2008 primarily reflects the impact of lower net premiums earned in 2009, partially offset by a lower amount of prior year reserve releases. During 2009, CATA had a net prior year reserve release of $10.7 million (as discussed above), compared with a net prior year reserve release of $11.8 million in 2008.

 

The increase in loss and LAE described above was the primary cause for the decrease in CATA’s underwriting profit in 2010 from 2009. The decrease in net premiums earned, partially offset by the decrease in loss and LAE described above, was the primary cause for the decrease in CATA’s underwriting profit in 2009 from 2008.

Additional information regarding CATA’s prior year reserve releases can be found on pages  43 and 44 of this Form 10-K Report.

 

PCC

 

In June 2009, PCC decided to cease soliciting new and renewal business on a direct basis commencing August 1, 2009 due to its determination that it was unable to write business at rates it deemed adequate due to the state of the California workers’ compensation market. On June 30, 2009, A.M. Best downgraded its rating of PCIC from A- (Excellent), with a negative outlook, to B++ (Good), with a stable outlook. Commencing August 1, 2009, PCC ceased soliciting new or renewal business on a direct basis and took corresponding expense reduction steps, including staff reductions, in light of such determination. Effective April 12, 2010, as part of a strategic repositioning effort, PCC changed its name from Employers Direct Corporation, changed the name of PCIC from Employers Direct Insurance Company, and took steps to emerge as a brokerage carrier at such time as it determines rates are adequate.

 

PCC reported an underwriting loss of $30.5 million in 2010, primarily reflecting a substantial decrease in net premiums earned from 2009 for the reasons described above. PCC’s underwriting loss of $30.5 million for 2010 also reflects a $12.5 million increase of prior accident year workers’ compensation net loss reserves, related primarily to a decrease in ceded loss and LAE based on a fourth quarter 2010 review of reinsurance coverage estimates, and to a lesser extent, an increase in unallocated LAE reserves. The review of reinsurance coverage estimates also resulted in a $5.0 million decrease in ceded premiums earned which increased net premiums earned.

 

PCC reported an underwriting loss of $70.7 million for 2009, primarily reflecting a substantial decrease in net premiums earned from 2008 for the reasons described above, and a $34.5 million reserve increase in the 2009 second quarter. Of the $34.5 million reserve increase, $26.5 million related to prior accident years and $8.0 million related to the 2009 accident year. In addition, PCC also recorded a pre-tax non-cash impairment charge of $11.2 million in the 2009 second quarter, which was classified as a net realized capital loss in its consolidated statement of earnings.

 

PCC reported an underwriting loss of $60.9 million for 2008, primarily reflecting a reserve increase of $35.9 million and a decrease in net premiums earned. In addition, in connection with impairment testing of goodwill and other intangible assets as of December 31, 2008, we determined that the $48.7 million of goodwill associated with our acquisition of PCC was impaired. As a result, as of December 31, 2008, we recorded a non-cash charge of $48.7 million, which is classified as a net realized capital loss in our consolidated statement of earnings for the year ended December 31, 2008 and represents the entire PCC goodwill balance at such date. The estimation of PCC’s fair value was based primarily on observing the stock market-based valuations of other publicly-traded insurance carriers. The factors that contributed to our determination that the PCC goodwill was impaired included the recent unfavorable conditions in the U.S. economy and California workers’ compensation insurance market, combined with PCC’s poor results during 2008. There was no resulting impact to our tax balances as a result of this charge.

 

The California Department of Insurance, or the “CDI,” is responsible for periodic financial and market conduct examinations of California-domiciled insurance companies. In September 2010, the CDI issued a financial examination report of PCIC for the period from July 1, 2004 through December 31, 2008. As part of its work for such financial examination report, the CDI produced an actuarial report, or the “Actuarial Report,” for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008. The Actuarial Report included an estimate of loss and LAE reserves on a statutory basis of accounting that was higher than that recorded by PCIC at such dates. We believe that PCIC’s reserves for unpaid loss and LAE are adequate, and the CDI did not require PCIC to currently or retroactively increase its carried reserves to the estimates included in the Actuarial Report. AIHL did, however, contribute $40.0 million of capital to PCC on September 27, 2010, and these funds were used by PCIC to increase its workers’ compensation deposit, which is required to be maintained by PCIC under California workers’ compensation regulations, to a level consistent with the estimated loss and LAE reserves included in the Actuarial Report. To the extent that PCIC’s actual loss experience is less than the CDI’s final estimate of PCIC’s loss and LAE reserves, over time such additional workers’ compensation deposit funds will be released back to PCIC.

 

Additional information regarding PCC’s reserve increases can be found on pages 43 and 44 of this Form 10-K Report.

AIHL Investment Results

 

Following is information relating to AIHL’s investment results.

 

 

 

 

Net Investment Income.  The increase in AIHL’s net investment income in 2010 from 2009 is due principally to higher dividend income due to a higher allocation of AIHL’s investment portfolio to equity securities during 2010 compared with 2009. The increase in AIHL’s net investment income in 2009 from 2008 is due principally to poor results from partnership investments in 2008 and positive underwriting cash flow at RSUI in 2009, partially offset by lower average investment yields during 2009.

 

Approximate yields of AIHL’s debt securities for 2010, 2009 and 2008 are as follows (in millions, except for percentages):