Edgar Filing: CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

10-Q

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

[x] QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2015

[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OF 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from______ to ______

Commission File Number: 001-36330

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		26-1989091 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

Two Rincon Center

121 Spear Street, Suite 300

San Francisco, CA 94105

(Address of principal executive offices)

(415) 829-1400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check-mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [x ] No []

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [x] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer [ ]	Accelerated filer [ ]	Non-accelerated filer [ x ] (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes[ ] No [x]

As of October 30, 2015, there were 54,626,674 shares of the Registrant’s Class A common stock outstanding and 40,017,764 shares of the Registrant’s Class B common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS



	Page
PART I. Financial Information	1
Item 1. Financial Statements	1
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014	1
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014	2
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014	3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014	4
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	5
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	12
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	20
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	20
PART II. Other Information	21
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	21
Item 1A. Risk Factors	21
Item 2. Unregistered Sale of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	41
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	41
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	41
Item 5. Other Information	41
Item 6. Exhibits	42
Signature	43
Exhibit Index	44

______________________________________

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands)



	As of
	September 30, 2015			December 31, 2014
	(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	25,671		$	17,425
Marketable securities	121,525			175,057
Accounts receivable, net	13,645			11,097
Deferred commissions	3,864			3,675
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	5,134			3,476
Total current assets	169,839			210,730
Property and equipment, net	6,269			3,630
Marketable securities, noncurrent	—			6,220
Restricted cash, noncurrent	1,000			—
Deferred commissions, noncurrent	3,145			2,563
Other assets	4,670			131
Total assets	$	184,923		$	223,274
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	4,057		$	3,217
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	4,975			5,791
Accrued compensation	9,457			10,455
Deferred revenue	24,592			20,708
Total current liabilities	43,081			40,171
Deferred revenue, noncurrent	8,538			6,652
Other liabilities, noncurrent	1,455			261
Total liabilities	53,074			47,084
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Class A common stock	5			6
Class B common stock	4			3
Additional paid-in capital	409,849			393,397
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	29			(40		)
Accumulated deficit	(278,038		)	(217,176		)
Total stockholders’ equity	131,849			176,190
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	184,923		$	223,274

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data)

(unaudited)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015			2014			2015			2014
Revenue:
Subscription	$	18,233		$	11,254		$	50,417		$	28,293
Professional services	1,306			955			3,583			2,825
Total revenue	19,539			12,209			54,000			31,118
Cost of revenue:
Cost of subscription (1)	3,081			2,596			8,532			8,223
Cost of professional services (1)	5,606			4,559			15,581			12,932
Total cost of revenue	8,687			7,155			24,113			21,155
Gross profit	10,852			5,054			29,887			9,963
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing (1)	16,731			14,760			50,835			46,267
Research and development (1)	7,868			5,630			21,853			16,633
General and administrative (1)	6,311			4,944			18,291			13,473
Total operating expenses	30,910			25,334			90,979			76,373
Operating loss	(20,058		)	(20,280		)	(61,092		)	(66,410		)
Other income, net	51			81			230			154
Net loss	$	(20,007	)	$	(20,199	)	$	(60,862	)	$	(66,256	)
Net loss per Class A and B share, basic and diluted	$	(0.21	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.65	)	$	(0.96	)
Weighted-average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per Class A and B share	94,409			89,698			93,343			68,960

_______________________


(1)	Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015		2014		2015		2014
Cost of revenue:
Cost of subscription	$	96	$	60	$	196	$	99
Cost of professional services	647		306		1,522		726
Sales and marketing	2,058		2,013		5,883		4,339
Research and development	981		561		2,344		1,475
General and administrative	1,177		1,169		3,100		2,963

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands)

(unaudited)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015			2014			2015			2014

Net loss	$	(20,007	)	$	(20,199	)	$	(60,862	)	$	(66,256	)
Other comprehensive income:
Net change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale marketable securities	19			52			69			12
Reclassification adjustments for net realized gains on available-for-sale marketable securities	—			—			—			—
Other comprehensive income	19			52			69			12
Comprehensive loss	$	(19,988	)	$	(20,147	)	$	(60,793	)	$	(66,244	)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(unaudited)



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015			2014
Operating activities:
Net loss	$	(60,862	)	$	(66,256	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,378			944
Stock-based compensation	13,045			9,602
Amortization of deferred commissions	2,576			3,119
Accretion and amortization of marketable securities	1,126			1,021
Expense related to warrant	—			2,659
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(2,548		)	(6,213		)
Deferred commissions	(3,346		)	(3,626		)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(1,026		)	(1,922		)
Accounts payable	716			193
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(1,740		)	2,753
Deferred revenue	5,770			14,633
Net cash used in operating activities	(44,911		)	(43,093		)
Investing activities:
Restricted cash	(1,000		)	101
Investment in related party	(4,125		)	—
Purchase of property and equipment	(3,499		)	(1,398		)
Purchase of marketable securities	(86,324		)	(210,388		)
Sales of marketable securities	5,000			13,000
Maturities of marketable securities	140,019			53,765
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	50,071			(144,920		)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	3,180			1,928
Payments of deferred offering costs	(94		)	—
Proceeds from initial public offering	—			186,162
Net cash provided by financing activities	3,086			188,090

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	8,246			77
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	17,425			25,154
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	25,671		$	25,231

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Note 1. Organization and Description of Business

Description of Business

Castlight Health, Inc. ("Castlight") is a pioneer in a new category of cloud-based software that enables enterprises to understand and manage health care spending as a strategic business investment, and help employees and their families make more informed medical decisions based on factors such as cost, quality and patient experience. Our Enterprise Healthcare Management solutions allow our customers to conquer the complexity of the existing health care system by providing personalized, actionable information to their employees, implementing technology-enabled benefit designs and integrating disparate systems and applications. Our comprehensive technology offering aggregates complex, large-scale data and applies sophisticated analytics to make health care data transparent and useful. We were incorporated in the State of Delaware in January 2008. Our principal executive offices are located in San Francisco, California.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, the information herein reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments except as otherwise noted, considered necessary for a fair statement of results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the results of Castlight and its wholly owned U.S. subsidiary. The results for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for any future period.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date. The following information should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K that have had a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates include, but are not limited to, the determination of the relative selling prices for our services, certain assumptions used in the valuation of our equity awards, and the capitalization and estimated useful life of internal-use software development costs. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material to our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In April 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued new accounting guidance on Customer's Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement. This guidance is intended to help entities evaluate the accounting for fees paid by a customer in a cloud computing arrangement, primarily to determine whether the arrangement includes a sale or license of software. The guidance will be effective for us beginning January 1, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. We have elected not to early adopt. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, FASB issued ASU 2014-09 regarding ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The standard provides principles for recognizing revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers with the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, FASB deferred the effective date of the standard for all entities by one year. The standard will become effective for the annual reporting period (including interim reporting periods) beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted as of annual reporting

Table of Contents

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

periods (including interim periods) beginning after December 15, 2016. We are evaluating the accounting, transition and disclosure requirements of the standard and cannot currently estimate the financial statement impact of adoption. At this point in time, we do not intend to adopt the standard early.

Note 3. Marketable Securities

All of our cash equivalents and marketable securities are classified as “available-for-sale” securities. These securities are reported at fair value, with the related unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of shareholders’ equity.

At September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively, marketable securities consisted of the following (in thousands):



	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
September 30, 2015
U.S. agency obligations	$	100,570	$	18	$	(1	)	$	100,587
U.S. treasury securities	24,125		13		—			24,138
Money market mutual funds	13,912		—		—			13,912
	138,607		31		(1		)	138,637
Included in cash and cash equivalents	17,112		—		—			17,112
Included in marketable securities	$	121,495	$	31	$	(1	)	$	121,525



	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
December 31, 2014
U.S. agency obligations	$	177,297	$	4	$	(44	)	$	177,257
U.S. treasury securities	5,580		1		—			5,581
Money market mutual funds	1,919		—		—			1,919
	184,796		5		(44		)	184,757
Included in cash and cash equivalents	3,480		—		—			3,480
Included in marketable securities	$	175,093	$	5	$	(41	)	$	175,057
Included in marketable securities, noncurrent	$	6,223	$	—	$	(3	)	$	6,220

Note 4. Fair Value Measurements

We measure our financial assets and liabilities at fair value at each reporting period using a fair value hierarchy that requires that we maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity.

Table of Contents

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

The fair value of marketable securities included in the Level 2 category is based on observable inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets at the measurement date; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly. These values were obtained from a third-party pricing service and were evaluated using pricing models that vary by asset class and may incorporate available trade, bid and other market information and price quotes from well-established third party pricing vendors and broker-dealers. There have been no changes in valuation techniques in the periods presented. We have no financial assets or liabilities measured using Level 3 inputs. There were no significant transfers between Levels 1 and 2 assets as of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014. The following tables present information about our assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using the above input categories (in thousands):



	Level 1		Level 2		Total
September 30, 2015
Cash equivalents:
Money market mutual funds	$	13,912	$	—	$	13,912
U.S. agency obligations	—		3,200		3,200
Marketable securities:
U.S. agency obligations	—		97,387		97,387
U.S. treasury securities	—		24,138		24,138
	$	13,912	$	124,725	$	138,637



	Level 1		Level 2		Total
December 31, 2014
Cash equivalents:
Money market mutual funds	$	1,919	$	—	$	1,919
U.S. agency obligations	—		1,561		1,561
Marketable securities:
U.S. agency obligations	—		175,696		175,696
U.S. treasury securities	—		5,581		5,581
	$	1,919	$	182,838	$	184,757

Gross unrealized gains and losses for cash equivalents and marketable securities as of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 were not material. We do not believe the unrealized losses represent other-than-temporary impairments based on our evaluation of available evidence as of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014.

There were no realized gains or losses during the three months ended September 30, 2015. All of our marketable securities at September 30, 2015 mature within one year. As of December 31, 2014, those securities with maturities greater than one year are reflected in the noncurrent portion of our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Marketable securities on the balance sheets consist of securities with original or remaining maturities at the time of purchase of greater than three months, and the remainder of the securities is reflected in cash and cash equivalents.

Note 5. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

Table of Contents

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(unaudited)



	As of
	September 30, 2015			December 31, 2014
Leasehold improvements	$	1,891		$	1,058
Computer equipment	4,040			3,247
Software	885			874
Capitalization of internal-use software	2,152			291
Furniture and equipment	813			301
Total	9,781			5,771
Accumulated depreciation	(3,512		)	(2,141		)
Property and equipment, net	$	6,269		$	3,630

Depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, was $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and $1.4 million and $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Depreciation and amortization are recorded on a straight-line basis.

Note 6. Related Party Transactions and Variable Interest Entity

In the second quarter of 2015, we announced a strategic alliance with Lyra Health ("Lyra"), to develop and bring to market an integrated behavioral health solution. In connection with this strategic alliance, Castlight made an initial preferred stock investment in Lyra of $3.1 million. Additionally, we made a subsequent preferred stock investment in Lyra of $1.0 million in August 2015. Lyra is considered a related party to us because two of Lyra’s co-founders serve on our board of directors, and Castlight's chief executive officer, serves on Lyra's board. An independent committee of Castlight's board of directors, comprising of directors without any involvement in any external behavioral health business initiatives, approved the strategic alliance with and investment in Lyra.

Lyra Health was founded in 2015 to work with employers, health plans, and providers to improve behavioral health outcomes and plans to offer a complementary behavioral health service that combines technology with active care management to improve patient outcomes. As part of the strategic alliance Lyra's product will be integrated with Castlight Elevate for those customers who purchase both solutions. Castlight Elevate is an extension of the Castlight enterprise healthcare management platform which enables employees to research behavioral health services, make educated treatment choices, and commence care.

We have evaluated both the initial and additional investment transactions and have determined that Lyra is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) for Castlight. In determining that we are not the VIE's primary beneficiary, we considered qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: which activities most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and which party controls such activities; the characteristics of our involvement; and the obligation or likelihood for us to provide incremental financial support. Based on our evaluation, we determined that Castlight and our related parties collectively have power and benefits of the operations of VIE; however, Castlight is not the party most closely associated to the VIE. Accordingly, we are not required to consolidate the operations of the VIE. Our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with this unconsolidated VIE is limited to our investment of $4.1 million and we are not obligated to provide incremental financial support to Lyra.

The investment in Lyra is accounted for under the cost method and is included under other assets in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We have not estimated the fair value of our investment because there have been no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. We will assess our investment for impairment on a quarterly basis or based on facts or circumstances that may require us to reassess the fair value of our investment.

Table of Contents

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

Note 7. Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consisted of the following (in thousands):



	As of
	September 30, 2015		December 31, 2014
Subscription	$	17,460	$	14,826
Professional services—implementation	3,936		2,974
Professional services—communications	3,196		2,908
Total current	24,592		20,708
Subscription	2,379		1,950
Professional services—implementation	5,190		4,327
Professional services—communications	969		375
Total noncurrent	8,538		6,652
Total	$	33,130	$	27,360

Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Matters

On April 2, April 16, April 29, and May 4, 2015, purported securities class action lawsuits were filed in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Mateo, against us, certain of our current and former directors, executive officers, significant stockholders and underwriters associated with our initial public offering (IPO). The lawsuits, which were consolidated on July 22, 2015, were brought by purported stockholders of our company seeking to represent a class consisting of all those who purchased our stock pursuant or traceable to the Registration Statement and Prospectus issued in connection with our IPO. A consolidated complaint (“Complaint”) was filed on July 23, 2015, which purports to allege claims under Sections 11, 12(a)(2) and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933. On September 22, 2015 we filed a Demurrer to the Complaint. After briefing and argument, the Court overruled the demurrer as to Plaintiffs’ claims under Sections 11 and 15 and has not yet issued a ruling as to Plaintiff’s claims under Section 12(a)(2). The Complaint seeks unspecified damages and other relief. We believe that the claims are without merit and intend to defend the action vigorously.

From time to time, we may become subject to other legal proceedings, claims or litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. In addition, we may receive letters alleging infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights. We do not believe that any liability from any reasonably foreseeable disposition of these legal actions and claims, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material effect on our business, operating results, cash flows or financial condition. The lawsuits described above are still in their early stages and the final outcome, including our liability, if any, with respect to the claims in the lawsuits, is uncertain. If an unfavorable outcome were to occur in the litigation, the impact could be material to our business, financial condition, cash flow or results of operations, depending on the specific circumstances of the outcome. We cannot make a reasonable estimate of the potential loss or range of loss, if any, arising from these matters. We accrue for loss contingencies when it is both probable that we will incur the loss and when we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss or range of loss. If we determine that a loss is reasonably possible and can reasonably estimate the range of the loss, then we will disclose the range of the possible loss.

Leases and Contractual Obligations

We lease office space under noncancelable operating leases in San Francisco, California. On May 21, 2015, we entered into a new office space lease in San Francisco, California, in order to expand our facilities. The lease extends to June 30, 2021, with a five year renewal option. The total rent obligation under the lease is $12.8 million.

Table of Contents

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

There were no other material changes in our contractual obligations from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. Please see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of our contractual obligations.

Note 9. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

As of September 30, 2015, we had 54,646,372 shares of Class A common stock and 39,930,411 shares of Class B common stock outstanding.

Stock Options Activity

A summary of stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):



	Options Outstanding		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance at December 31, 2014	16,392,539		$	4.40	$	128,541
Stock option grants	491,900		$	8.95
Stock options exercised	(3,407,089	)	$	1.03
Stock options canceled	(2,151,182	)	$	7.07
Balance at September 30, 2015	11,326,168		$	5.11	$	20,675

The total grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 was $2.3 million and $32.1 million, respectively.

The fair value of each option grant was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-valuation model with the following assumptions and fair value per share:



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015	2014
Volatility	53%	60%
Expected life (in years)	6.17	5.0-6.2
Risk-free interest rate	1.38%-1.91%	1.53%-1.99%
Dividend yield	—%	—%

As of September 30, 2015, we had $23.9 million in unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.5 years.

Restricted Stock Units

A summary of restricted stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 is as follows:



	Number of Shares Outstanding		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance at December 31, 2014	1,398,893		$	11.06
Restricted Stock Units granted	5,604,600		$	7.77
Restricted Stock Units vested	(24,625	)	$	8.33
Restricted Stock Units forfeited	(559,518	)	$	9.78
Balance at September 30, 2015	6,419,350		$	8.30

As of September 30, 2015, there was a total of $47.8 million in unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 3.5 years.

In June 2015, we awarded performance stock units (PSUs) to certain employees. The number of shares that will eventually vest depends on achievement of performance targets for 2015, as determined by the compensation committee of our board of directors, and may range from 0 to 150% of the targeted award amount. Once the performance is determined and a targeted award amount is fixed, the target number of PSUs, if any, will vest in eight quarterly installments, subject to recipients' continued service, beginning on February 15, 2016. The compensation expense associated with the PSUs is expensed using the accelerated method.

Note 10. Income Taxes

The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 was zero percent, primarily as a result of the estimated tax loss for the year and the change in valuation allowance. At September 30, 2015, all unrecognized tax benefits are subject to a full valuation allowance and, if recognized, will not affect the effective tax rate.

Note 11. Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including Preferred Stock and outstanding stock options and warrants, to the extent dilutive. Basic and diluted net loss per share was the same for each period presented as the inclusion of all potential shares of common stock outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.

Net loss is allocated based on the contractual participation rights of the Class A and Class B common stock as if the earnings for the year have been distributed. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, the net loss is allocated on a proportionate basis.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share for our common stock (in thousands, except per share data):



	Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015						2014						2015						2014
	Class A			Class B			Class A			Class B			Class A			Class B			Class A			Class B
Net loss	$	(11,584	)	$	(8,423	)	$	(16,356	)	$	(3,843	)	$	(37,207	)	$	(23,655	)	$	(55,833	)	$	(10,423	)
Weighted-average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share	54,664			39,745			72,633			17,065			57,063			36,280			58,112			10,848
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$	(0.21	)	$	(0.21	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.65	)	$	(0.65	)	$	(0.96	)	$	(0.96	)

The following securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for common stock because their effect would have been anti-dilutive for the periods presented (in thousands):

Table of Contents

CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(unaudited)



	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015	2014	2015	2014
Stock options and restricted stock units	17,776	17,230	17,776	17,230
Warrants	115	115	115	115
Total	17,891	17,345	17,891	17,345

Table of Contents

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “goal,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “potential” and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause our actual results, performance, time frames or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, time frames or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks, uncertainties and other factors in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in greater detail under the section titled “Risk Factors” set forth in Part II, Item 1A in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this filing. You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We hereby qualify our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

All references to "Castlight," “Castlight Health,” “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company” mean Castlight Health, Inc. and its subsidiaries, except where it is made clear that the term means only the parent company.

Castlight Health, Castlight, Castlight Medical, Castlight Essentials, Castlight Pharmacy, Castlight Rewards, Castlight Reference-Based Pricing, Castlight Protect, Castlight Insights, Castlight Controls, Castlight Connect, Castlight Care, Castlight Dental, Castlight Elevate and Castlight Action are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Castlight Health, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Other company and product names may be trademarks of the respective companies with which they are associated.

Overview

Castlight is a pioneer in a new category of cloud-based software that enables enterprises to understand and manage health care spending as a strategic business investment, and help employees and their families make more informed medical decisions based on factors such as cost, quality and patient experience. Our Enterprise Healthcare Management solutions allow our customers to conquer the complexity of the existing health care system by providing personalized, actionable information to their employees, implementing technology-enabled benefit designs and integrating disparate systems and applications. Our comprehensive technology offering aggregates complex, large-scale data and applies sophisticated analytics to make health care data transparent and useful. We deploy consumer-oriented applications that deliver strong employee engagement and enable employers to integrate disparate benefit programs into one platform available to employees and their families.

Since our inception in 2008, we have been committed to improving the efficiency of the U.S. health care industry. From 2008 to 2010, we focused our efforts on research and development to build our consumer health care database, our analytic capabilities and the initial version of our cloud-based application, Castlight Essentials (previously, Castlight Medical). After its release in 2010, we have continued to enhance that application, as well as release new applications, including Castlight Pharmacy, Castlight Rewards, Castlight Elevate, Castlight Protect, Castlight Dental, and Castlight Action. These applications are delivered to our customers, and their employees and families, via our cloud-based offering and leverage consumer-oriented design principles that drive engagement and ease of use.

We market and sell our Enterprise Healthcare Management solutions to self-insured companies in a broad range of industries and to governmental entities. We sell our offering solely in the United States, and we market to our customers and potential customers through our direct sales force, as well as through relationships with health plans, benefits consultants and other channel partners.

Table of Contents

We intend to continue to invest aggressively in the success of our customers, expand our commercial operations and further develop our offering. As a result of these and other factors, we expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future and may need to raise additional capital through equity and debt financings in order to fund our operations.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

Sale of Additional Applications. Our revenue growth rate and long-term profitability are affected by our ability to sell additional applications to our customer base. To date, a substantial majority of our revenue has come from sales of subscriptions of Castlight Essentials. We believe that there is a significant opportunity to sell subscriptions to other applications as our customers become more familiar with our offering and seek to address additional needs.

Renewals of customer contracts. We believe that our ability to retain our customers and expand their subscription revenue growth over time will be an indicator of the stability of our revenue base and the long-term value of our customer relationships.

Implementation Timelines. Our ability to convert backlog into revenue and improve our gross margin depends on how quickly we complete customer implementations. Our implementation timelines vary from customer to customer based on the source and condition of the data we receive from third parties, the configurations that we agree to provide and the size of the customer. Our implementation timelines for Castlight Essentials are typically three to nine months after entering into an agreement with a customer. Our implementation timelines for our other applications currently range from approximately three months to longer than twelve months.

Professional Services Model. We believe our professional services capabilities support the adoption of our subscription offerings. As a result, our sales efforts have been focused primarily on our subscription offering, rather than the profitability of our professional services business. Our professional services are generally priced on a fixed-fee basis and the costs incurred to complete these services, which consist mainly of personnel-related costs, have been greater than the amount charged to the customer. We also do not have standalone value for our implementation services for accounting purposes. Accordingly, we recognize implementation services revenue in the same manner as the associated subscription revenue. Prior to launching an individual customer, we incur significant costs associated with implementation activities, which we record as cost of revenue. Since we do not recognize significant revenues from an individual customer until we launch, we generate a negative gross margin at the customer level during the implementation period.

Seasonality. A significantly higher proportion of our customers enter into new subscription agreements with us or renew previous agreements in the third and fourth quarters of the year compared to the first and second quarters. This seasonality is related to the employee benefits cycle, as customers typically want to make our applications available at the beginning of a new benefits year, which generally occurs in the first quarter. This seasonality is not immediately apparent in our revenue because we do not begin recognizing revenue from new customer agreements until we have implemented our offering, based on the implementation timelines discussed above. Therefore, revenue recognized in any quarter is primarily from customer agreements entered into in prior quarters. In addition, the mix of customers paying monthly, quarterly, or annually varies from quarter to quarter and impacts our deferred revenue balance. As a result of variability in our billing and implementation timelines, the deferred revenue balance does not represent the total value of our customer contracts, nor do changes in deferred revenue serve as a reliable indicator of our future subscription revenue.

Key Business Metrics

We review a number of operating metrics, including the following key metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, and make strategic decisions.

Signed Annual Recurring Revenue



	As of
	September 30, 2015		September 30, 2014
	(in millions)
Signed Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR)	$	103.0	$	73.0

Table of Contents

Our ability to recognize and increase subscription revenue in the future depends in part upon our ability to add new customers, retain and renew existing customers and expand the number of offerings to which our new and existing customers subscribe over time. As discussed above, we begin recognizing revenue from new customer agreements when we have implemented our offering, which can take from three to more than twelve months. Therefore, revenue recognized in any quarter is largely derived from customer agreements signed in prior quarters. Accordingly, management measures sales performance and forecasts future subscription revenue based on signed Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR).

ARR represents the annualized value of subscription revenue under contract with customers at the end of a quarter, which we refer to for this purpose as a measurement date. To calculate ARR, we first calculate the annualized subscription value for each signed customer (whether implemented or not), as of the applicable measurement date, by multiplying the monthly contract value of the subscription services under contract by 12. We exclude from this calculation any customers that have provided us with formal notice of termination or non-renewal as of the measurement date. ARR does not take into account the (i) potential for customers to terminate, or decline to renew, their agreements with us, (ii) achievement of non-recurring or yet-to-be-earned performance guarantees, (iii) engagement bonuses included within our customer contracts or (iv) revenues related to professional services, such as implementation and communications services. ARR is not determined in reference to US GAAP.

ARR is a forward-looking metric based on contractual terms in existence as of the applicable measurement date and is subject to change resulting from a number of factors including, but not limited to, changes in user counts, terminations or non-renewals, as well as upsells and cross-sells. For all of these reasons, the amount of subscription revenue we actually recognize during periods following the measurement date may be different from ARR recorded at a measurement date.

Our ARR at September 30, 2015 was $103.0 million, compared to $73.0 million at September 30, 2014, representing an increase of approximately 41%. We expect ARR to increase as we sign additional customers and cross-sell to existing customers.

Annual Net Dollar Retention Rate



	Twelve Months Ended December 31,
	2014		2013
Annual net dollar retention rate (NDR)	103	%	109	%

Our revenue growth rate and long-term profitability are affected by our ability to add customers, retain and renew existing customers, and expand the number of offerings our new and existing customers use over time. We believe that our ability to retain our customers and expand their subscription revenue growth over time will be an indicator of the stability of our revenue base and the long-term value of our customer relationships. We assess our performance on customer retention by measuring our Annual Net Dollar Retention rate (NDR). Our NDR provides a measurement of our ability to increase revenue across our existing customer base through expansion of our additional applications to existing customers, increases in user count for existing customers and customer renewals, as offset by terminations. We observed an annual net dollar retention rate of 103% and 109% for our signed customer base, for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We calculate annual net dollar retention rate for a given period as the aggregate annualized subscription contract value as of the last day of that year from those customers that were also customers as of the last day of the prior year, divided by the aggregate annualized subscription contract value from all customers as of the last day of the prior year. In calculating NDR, we exclude one time fees. NDR does not include subscriptions by new customers contracted since the end of the most recently completed year. We expect NDR to be more than 100% for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue from subscription fees from customers for access to the applications they select, including basic customer service support. We also earn revenue from professional services primarily related to the implementation of our offering,

Table of Contents

including extensive communications support to drive adoption by our customers' employees and their dependents. Historically, we have derived a substantial majority of our subscription revenue from Castlight Essentials. Our subscription fees are based primarily on the number of employees and adult dependents that employers identify as eligible to use our offering, which typically includes all of our customers’ U.S. employees and adult dependents that receive health benefits.

We recognize subscription fees on a straight-line basis ratably over the contract term beginning when our applications are implemented and ready for launch, which is based on the implementation timelines discussed above. Our customer agreements generally have a term of three years. We generally invoice our customers in advance on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. Amounts that have been invoiced are initially recorded as deferred revenue. Amounts that have not been invoiced are not reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We generally invoice our implementation services upon contract signing on a fixed-fee basis, which is generally when we commence work.

As a result of variability in our billing terms, the deferred revenue balance does not represent the total value of our customer contracts, nor do changes in deferred revenue serve as a reliable indicator of our future subscription revenue in a given period.

Costs and Operating Expenses

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists of the cost of subscription revenue and cost of professional services revenue.

Cost of subscription revenue primarily consists of data fees, employee-related expenses (including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation) related to hosting costs of our cloud-based service, cost of subcontractors, expenses for service delivery (which includes call center support), allocated overhead, the costs of data center capacity, amortization of internal-use software and depreciation of owned computer equipment and software.

Cost of professional services revenue consists primarily of employee-related expenses (including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation) associated with these services, the cost of subcontractors and travel costs, and allocated overhead. The time and costs of our customer implementations vary based on the source and condition of the data we receive from third parties, the configurations that we agree to provide and the size of the customer.

Our cost of revenue is expensed as we incur the costs. However, the related revenue is deferred until our applications are ready for use by the customer and then recognized as revenue ratably over the related contract term. Therefore, we expense the cost incurred to provide our applications and services prior to the recognition of the corresponding revenue.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses (including salaries, sales commissions and bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation), travel-related expenses and marketing programs. Commissions earned by our sales force that can be associated specifically with the noncancelable portion of a subscription contract are deferred and amortized over the noncancelable period. Accordingly, commission expense can be materially impacted by changes in the termination provisions of customer contracts that we execute in a given period compared with previous periods.

Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses (including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation) and costs associated with subcontractors.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses (including salaries and bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation) for finance and accounting, legal, human resources and management information systems personnel, legal costs, professional fees and other corporate expenses.

Table of Contents

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth selected consolidated statements of operations data and such data as a percentage of total revenue for each of the periods indicated:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015		2014		2015		2014
	(percentages of revenue)
Revenue:
Subscription	93	%	92	%	93	%	91	%
Professional services	7	%	8	%	7	%	9	%
Total revenue	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%
Cost of revenue:
Cost of subscription	16	%	21	%	16	%	26	%
Cost of professional services	29	%	38	%	29	%	42	%
Total cost of revenue	45	%	59	%	45	%	68	%
Gross margin percentage	55	%	41	%	55	%	32	%
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing	86	%	121	%	94	%	149	%
Research and development	40	%	46	%	40	%	53	%
General and administrative	32	%	40	%	34	%	43	%
Total operating expenses	158	%	207	%	168	%	245	%
Operating loss	(103	)%	(166	)%	(113	)%	(213	)%
Other income, net	—	%	1	%	—	%	—	%
Net loss	(103	)%	(165	)%	(113	)%	(213	)%

Revenue



	Three Months Ended September 30,							Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015		2014		% Change	$ Change		2015		2014		% Change	$ Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue:
Subscription	$	18,233	$	11,254	62%	$	6,979	$	50,417	$	28,293	78%	$	22,124
Professional services	1,306		955		37%	351		3,583		2,825		27%	758
Total revenue	$	19,539	$	12,209	60%	$	7,330	$	54,000	$	31,118	74%	$	22,882

The overall increase in both subscription and professional services revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, was primarily attributable to an increase in our total number of launched customers. Our launched customer base grew more than 50% year over year.

Costs and Operating Expenses

Table of Contents



	Three Months Ended September 30,										Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015			2014			% Change		$ Change		2015			2014			% Change		$ Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue:
Subscription	3,081			2,596			19	%	$	485	8,532			8,223			4	%	$	309
Professional services	5,606			4,559			23	%	1,047		15,581			12,932			20	%	2,649
Total cost of revenue	$	8,687		$	7,155		21	%	$	1,532	$	24,113		$	21,155		14	%	$	2,958
Gross margin (loss) percentage
Subscription	83.1		%	76.9		%					83.1		%	70.9		%
Professional services	(329		)%	(377		)%					(335		)%	(358		)%
Total gross margin percentage	55.5		%	41.4		%					55.3		%	32.0		%
Gross profit	$	10,852		$	5,054		115	%	$	5,798	$	29,887		$	9,963		200	%	$	19,924

Cost of subscription revenue increased for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, primarily due to employee-related expenses as a result of growing our customer support function (driven by increased launches) as we continue to grow our customer base.

Cost of professional services revenue increased for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, primarily due to employee-related expenses as we continue to hire talent to support our customer implementations and invest in our strategic growth objectives. We are continuing to invest in data infrastructure to enable more efficient implementations of Castlight Pharmacy and to further expand our ability to work with additional data sources associated with our newest products. We expect these investments to continue through the fourth quarter of 2015.

Gross margin for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 improved primarily due to revenue growth of 60% and 74%, respectively. Additionally, the cost of subscription revenue, as a percentage of total revenue, continued to decrease primarily due to certain fixed cost elements such as data center operations representing a smaller proportion of a growing revenue base. We expect to continue to see favorable overall gross margin trends as we continue to grow the number of launched customers in relation to customers in the implementation phase.

Sales and Marketing



	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015		2014		% Change		$ Change		2015		2014		% Change		$ Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	16,731	$	14,760	13	%	$	1,971	$	50,835	$	46,267	10	%	$	4,568

The increase in sales and marketing expense for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 was primarily driven by increases in employee-related expenses as we continue to expand our sales force to address new opportunities and grow our customer base. The increases attributable to employee-related expenses were $1.5 million and $6.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively. The increase in the nine months ended September 30, 2015 was offset by a $2.7 million charge related to warrants that was recorded in the first half of 2014, only.

Table of Contents

Research and Development



	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015		2014		% Change		$ Change		2015		2014		% Change		$ Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	7,868	$	5,630	40	%	$	2,238	$	21,853	$	16,633	31	%	$	5,220

The increase in research and development expense for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 was primarily driven by increases in employee-related expenses as we continued to hire engineering talent to drive innovation and new products. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, employee-related expenses increased $2.0 million and $3.7 million, respectively.

General and Administrative



	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015		2014		% Change		$ Change		2015		2014		% Change		$ Change
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative	$	6,311	$	4,944	28	%	$	1,367	$	18,291	$	13,473	36	%	$	4,818

The increase in general and administrative expense for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 is primarily attributable to increases in employee-related expenses associated with growth in headcount as we invested in our internal talent acquisition team to support the growth of our business. These employee-related expenses contributed to $0.7 million and $3.0 million increase for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively. Also contributing to the increase were facility and equipment infrastructure spending to support planned hiring, which resulted in $0.9 million and $2.4 million increase for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015			2014
	(in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(44,911	)	$	(43,093	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	50,071			(144,920		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	3,086			188,090
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	8,246		$	77

As of September 30, 2015, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling $147.2 million, which were held for working capital purposes. Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are comprised primarily of U.S. agency obligations, U.S. treasury securities and money market funds.

Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of equity securities and, to a lesser extent, payments from our customers. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our growth rate, subscription renewal activity, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, our expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced services offerings

Table of Contents

and the continuing market acceptance of our cloud-based applications. We may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services and technologies and intellectual property rights. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Operating Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2015, cash used in operating activities was $44.9 million. The negative cash flows resulted primarily from our net loss of $60.9 million, adjusted for $18.1 million in non-cash expenses that included stock-based compensation of $13.0 million, and amortization of deferred commissions of $2.6 million. Working capital uses of cash included a decrease in accrued expenses of $1.7 million, primarily as a result of payout of annual bonuses to our employees, and an increase in accounts receivable of $2.5 million. Additionally, deferred revenue increased by $5.8 million, primarily as a result of a 28% increase in the amount billed year over year as a result of increased billings for launched customers.

Investing Activities

Cash provided by (used in) investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, and 2014 was $50.1 million, and $(144.9) million, respectively. The increase in cash provided, was primarily the result of the timing of purchases, sales and maturities of marketable securities, the net result of which was $58.7 million, and $(143.6) million, for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, and 2014, respectively. This increase was partially offset by a total investment of $4.1 million in Lyra Health, a behavioral health technology company, and $3.5 million in purchases of property, plant and equipment, which includes leasehold improvements for our new facilities.

Financing Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2015, financing activities provided $3.1 million, primarily from cash proceeds resulting from issuance of stock under our equity incentive plans. For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, financing activities provided $188.1 million primarily related to the proceeds from our initial public offering in March 2014.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Our principal commitments primarily consist of obligations under leases for office space and co-location facilities for data center capacity. On May 21, 2015, we entered into a new office space lease in San Francisco, California, in order to expand our office facilities. The term of the lease extends to June 30, 2021, with a five year renewal option. The total rent obligation under the lease is $12.8 million.

On September 2, 2015, we entered into a new office space lease in Sunnyvale, California with a primary intent of using this as our research and development facility. The lease extends to November 15, 2020 with a three year renewal option. The total rent obligation under the lease is $1.8 million. Our existing lease agreements provide us with the option to renew and generally provide for rental payments on a graduated basis.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented, we did not have, nor do we currently have, any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We are therefore not exposed to the financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in those types of relationships.

Table of Contents

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, there were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Interest Rate Sensitivity

We had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling $147.2 million at September 30, 2015 and $198.7 million as of December 31, 2014. This amount was invested primarily in U.S. agency obligations, U.S. treasury securities and money market funds. The cash, cash equivalents and short-term marketable securities are held for working capital purposes. Our investments are made for capital preservation purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. All our investments are denominated in U.S. dollars.

Our cash equivalents and our portfolio of marketable securities are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates. Fixed rate securities may have their market value adversely affected due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities that decline in market value due to changes in interest rates. However, because we classify our marketable securities as “available for sale”, no gains or losses are recognized due to changes in interest rates unless such securities are sold prior to maturity or declines in fair value are determined to be other-than-temporary. Our fixed-income portfolio is subject to interest rate risk.

An immediate increase of 100-basis points in interest rates would have resulted in a $0.7 million market value reduction in our investment portfolio as of September 30, 2015. All of our investments earn less than 100-basis points and as a result, an immediate decrease of 100-basis points in interest rates would have increased the market value by $0.1 million as of September 30, 2015. This estimate is based on a sensitivity model that measures market value changes when changes in interest rates occur. Fluctuations in the value of our investment securities caused by a change in interest rates (gains or losses on the carrying value) are recorded in other comprehensive income, and are realized only if we sell the underlying securities.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the supervision and participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report.

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Based on our management’s evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures were designed at a reasonable assurance level and were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Table of Contents

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Part II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our Class B common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Table of Contents

Risks Related to Our Business

We have a history of significant losses, which we expect to continue, and we may never achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

We have incurred significant net losses in each year since our incorporation in 2008 and expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. We experienced net losses of $85.9 million, $62.2 million and $35.0 million, during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively and $60.9 million for the nine months ended, September 30, 2015. As of September 30, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $278.0 million. The losses and accumulated deficit were primarily due to the substantial investments we made to grow our business, enhance our technology and offering through research and development and acquire and support customers. We anticipate that cost of revenue and operating expenses will increase substantially in the foreseeable future as we seek to continue to grow our business, enhance our offering and acquire customers. These efforts may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue sufficiently to offset these higher expenses. Many of our efforts to generate revenue from our business are new and unproven, and any failure to increase our revenue or generate revenue from new applications and services could prevent us from achieving or maintaining profitability. Furthermore, to the extent we are successful in increasing our customer base, we could also incur increased losses because costs associated with entering into customer agreements are generally incurred up front, while customers are generally billed over the term of the agreement. Our prior losses, combined with our expected future losses, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital. We expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable on a quarterly or annual basis, or if we do, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. As a result of these factors, we may need to raise additional capital through debt or equity financings in order to fund our operations, and such capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all.

Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.

We were founded in 2008, began building the first version of Castlight Essentials (previously, Castlight Medical) in 2009, did not complete our first customer sale and implementation until 2010 and did not make substantial investments in sales and marketing until 2012. Our limited operating history limits our ability to forecast our future operating results and such forecasts are subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to plan for and model future growth.

We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by new and growing companies in rapidly changing industries, such as determining appropriate investments of our limited resources, market adoption of our existing and future offerings, competition from other companies, acquiring and retaining customers, managing customer deployments, hiring, integrating, training and retaining skilled personnel, developing new applications and services, determining prices for our applications, unforeseen expenses and challenges in forecasting accuracy. If our assumptions regarding these and other similar risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan our business, are incorrect or change as we gain more experience operating our business or due to changes in our industry, or if we do not address these risks and uncertainties successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations and our business could suffer.

In addition, we may need to change our current operations infrastructure in order for us to achieve profitability and scale our operations efficiently, which makes our future prospects even more difficult to evaluate. For example, in order to grow sales of our Enterprise Healthcare Management solutions to smaller customers in a financially sustainable manner, we may need to further automate implementations, tailor our offering and modify our go-to-market approaches to reduce our service delivery and customer acquisition costs. If we fail to implement these changes on a timely basis or are unable to implement them effectively, our business may suffer.

The market for our offering is immature and volatile, and if it does not develop, if it develops more slowly than we expect, or if our offering does not drive employee engagement, the growth of our business will be harmed.

The enterprise health care management software market is new and unproven, and it is uncertain whether it will achieve and sustain high levels of demand and market adoption. Our success depends to a substantial extent on the willingness of employers to increase their use of our Enterprise Healthcare Management solutions, the ability of our applications to increase employee engagement, as well as on our ability to demonstrate the value of our offering to customers and their employees and to develop new applications that provide value to customers and users. If employers do not perceive the benefits of our offering or our offering does not drive employee engagement, then our market might not develop at all, or it might develop more slowly than we expect, either of which could significantly adversely affect our operating results. In addition, we have limited insight

Table of Contents

into trends that might develop and affect our business. We might make errors in predicting and reacting to relevant business, legal and regulatory trends, which could harm our business. If any of these events occur, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If our security measures are breached and unauthorized access to a customer’s data are obtained, our offering may be perceived as insecure, we may incur significant liabilities, our reputation may be harmed and we could lose sales and customers.

Our offering involves the storage and transmission of customers’ proprietary information, as well as protected health information, or PHI, of our customers' employees and their dependents, which is regulated under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and its implementing regulations, collectively HIPAA. Because of the extreme sensitivity of this information, the security features of our offering are very important. If our security measures, some of which are managed by third parties, are breached or fail, unauthorized persons may be able to obtain access to sensitive customer or employee data, including HIPAA-regulated protected health information. A security breach or failure could result from a variety of circumstances and events, including third-party action, employee negligence or error, malfeasance, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components thereof, power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication failures, user errors, and catastrophic events.

If our security measures were to be breached or fail, our reputation could be severely damaged, adversely affecting customer or investor confidence, customers may curtail their use of or stop using our offering and our business may suffer. In addition, we could face litigation, damages for contract breach, penalties and regulatory actions for violation of HIPAA and other applicable laws or regulations and significant costs for remediation and for measures to prevent future occurrences. In addition, any potential security breach could result in increased costs associated with liability for stolen assets or information, repairing system damage that may have been caused by such breaches, incentives offered to customers or other business partners in an effort to maintain the business relationships after a breach and implementing measures to prevent future occurrences, including organizational changes, deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, training employees and engaging third-party experts and consultants. While we maintain insurance covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses we may not carry insurance or maintain coverage sufficient to compensate for all liability and in any event, insurance coverage would not address the reputational damage that could result from a security incident.

We outsource important aspects of the storage and transmission of customer information, and thus rely on third parties to manage functions that have material cyber-security risks. These outsourced functions include services such as software design and product development, software engineering, database consulting, call center operations, co-location data centers, data-center security, IT, network security and Web application firewall services. We attempt to address these risks by requiring outsourcing subcontractors who handle customer information to sign business associate agreements contractually requiring those subcontractors to adequately safeguard personal health data and in some cases by requiring such outsourcing subcontractors to undergo third-party security examinations. However, we cannot assure you that these contractual measures and other safeguards will adequately protect us from the risks associated with the storage and transmission of customers proprietary and protected health information.

We may experience cyber-security and other breach incidents that may remain undetected for an extended period. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against us, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventive measures. In addition, in the event that our customers authorize or enable third parties to access their data or the data of their employees on our systems, we cannot ensure the complete integrity or security of such data in our systems as we would not control access. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, or if we are unable to effectively resolve such breaches in a timely manner, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed and we could lose sales and customers or suffer other reputational harm.

Our errors and omissions insurance may be inadequate or may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, our policy may not cover all claims made against us and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s attention from leading our business.

Table of Contents

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly, which could adversely impact the value of our Class B common stock.

Our quarterly results of operations, including our revenue, gross margin, net loss and cash flows, may vary significantly in the future, and period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. Accordingly, our quarterly results should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our quarterly financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including, without limitation, those listed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section and those listed below:


•	the addition or loss of large customers, including through acquisitions or consolidations of such customers;


•	seasonal and other variations in the timing of the sales of our offering, as a significantly higher proportion of our customers enter into new subscription agreements with us or renew previous agreements in the third and fourth quarters of the year compared to the first and second quarters;


•	the timing of recognition of revenue, including possible delays in the recognition of revenue due to lengthy and sometimes unpredictable implementation timelines;


•	failure to meet our contractual commitments under service-level agreements with our customers;


•	the amount and timing of operating expenses related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure;


•	our access to pricing and claims data managed by health plans and other third parties, or changes to the fees we pay for that data;


•	the timing and success of introductions of new applications, services and pricing by us or our competitors or any other change in the competitive dynamics of our industry, including consolidation among competitors, customers or strategic partners;


•	our ability to attract new customers;


•	customer renewal rates and the timing and terms of customer renewals;


•	network outages or security breaches;


•	the mix of applications and services sold or renewed during a period;


•	general economic, industry and market conditions;


•	the timing of expenses related to the development or acquisition of technologies or businesses and potential future charges for impairment of goodwill from acquired companies; and


•	impact of new accounting pronouncements.

We are particularly subject to fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations since the costs associated with entering into customer agreements and implementing our offerings are generally incurred prior to launch, while we generally recognize revenue over the term of the agreement beginning at launch. In addition, some of our contracts with customers provide for one-time bonus payments if our offering achieves certain metrics, such as a certain rate of employee engagement, which may lead to additional fluctuations in our quarterly operating results. In certain contracts, employee engagement may refer to the number of first time registrations by employees of our customers and in other cases it may refer to return usage of our applications by employees. Any fluctuations in our quarterly results may not accurately reflect the underlying performance of our business and could cause a decline in the trading price of our Class B common stock.

If we fail to manage our rapid growth effectively, our expenses could increase more than expected, our revenue may not increase and we may be unable to implement our business strategy.

We have experienced rapid growth in recent periods, which puts strain on our business, operations and employees. For example, our revenue has increased from $31.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 to $54.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. Our customer base grew to nearly 200 customers and our headcount grew to 466 full-time employees as of September 30, 2015. To manage our current and anticipated future growth effectively, we must continue to maintain and enhance our IT infrastructure, financial and accounting systems and controls. We must also attract, train and

Table of Contents

retain a significant number of qualified sales and marketing personnel, customer support personnel, professional services personnel, software engineers, technical personnel and management personnel, and the availability of such personnel, in particular software engineers, may be constrained. These and similar challenges, and the related costs, may be exacerbated by the fact that our headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area.

A key aspect to managing our growth is our ability to scale our capabilities to implement our offering satisfactorily with respect to both large and demanding enterprise customers, who currently comprise the substantial majority of our customer base, as well as smaller customers. Large customers often require specific features or functions unique to their particular business processes, which at a time of rapid growth or during periods of high demand, may strain our implementation capacity and hinder our ability to successfully implement our offering to our customers in a timely manner. We may also need to make further investments in our technology and automate portions of our offering or services to decrease our costs, particularly as we grow sales of our Enterprise Healthcare Management solutions to smaller customers. If we are unable to address the needs of our customers or their employees, or our customers or their employees are unsatisfied with the quality of our offering or services, they may not renew their agreements, seek to cancel or terminate their relationship with us or renew on less favorable terms.

Failure to effectively manage our rapid growth could also lead us to over-invest or under-invest in development and operations, result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, systems or controls, give rise to operational mistakes, financial losses, loss of productivity or business opportunities and result in loss of employees and reduced productivity of remaining employees. Our growth is expected to require significant capital expenditures and might divert financial resources from other projects such as the development of new applications and services. In addition, data and content fees, which are one of our primary operational costs, are not fixed as they vary based on the source and condition of the data we receive from third parties, and if they remain variable or increase over time, we would not be able to realize the economies of scale that we expect as we grow renewals and implementation of new customers, which would negatively impact our gross margin. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses might increase more than expected, our revenue may not increase or might grow more slowly than expected and we might be unable to implement our business strategy. The quality of our offering might also suffer, which could negatively affect our reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers.

We incur significant upfront costs in our customer relationships, and if we are unable to maintain and grow these customer relationships over time, we are likely to fail to recover these costs and our operating results will suffer.

We devote significant resources and incur significant upfront costs to establish relationships with our customers and implement our offering and related services, particularly in the case of large enterprises that, often request or require specific features or functions unique to their particular business processes. Accordingly, our operating results will depend in substantial part on our ability to deliver a successful customer experience and persuade our customers to maintain and grow their relationship with us over time. For example, if we are not successful in implementing our offering or delivering a successful customer experience, a customer could terminate or fail to renew their agreement with us, we would lose or be unable to recoup the significant upfront costs that we had expended on such customer and our operating results would suffer. As we are growing rapidly, our customer acquisition costs could outpace our build-up of recurring revenue, and we may be unable to reduce our total operating costs through economies of scale such that we are unable to achieve profitability.

Our ability to deliver our full offering to customers depends in substantial part on our ability to access pricing and claims data managed by a limited number of health plans and other third parties.

In order to deliver the full functionality offered by our Enterprise Healthcare Management solutions, we need access, on behalf of our customers, to sources of pricing and claims data, much of which is managed by a limited number of health plans and other third parties. We have developed various long-term and short-term data-sharing relationships with certain health plans and other third parties, including most, but not all, of the largest health plans in the United States. We are limited in our ability to offer the full functionality of our offering to customers of health plans with whom we do not have a data-sharing arrangement.

The terms of the agreements under which we have access to data managed by health plans and other third parties vary, which can impact the offering we are able to deliver. Many of our agreements with health plans and third parties have terms that limit our access to and permitted uses of claims or pricing data to the data associated with our mutual customers. Also, some agreements may be terminated if the underlying customer contracts do not continue, or may otherwise be subject to termination or non-renewal.

Table of Contents

The health plans and other third parties that we currently work with may, in the future, change their position and limit or eliminate our access to pricing and claims data, increase the costs charged to us for access to data, provide data to us in more limited or less useful formats, or restrict our permitted uses of data. Furthermore, some health plans have developed or are developing their own proprietary price and quality estimation tools and may perceive continued cooperation with us as a competitive disadvantage and choose to limit or discontinue our access to pricing and claims data. Failure to continue to maintain and expand our access to pricing and claims data may adversely impact our ability to continue to serve existing customers and expand our offering to new customers.

If our access to pricing and claims data is reduced or becomes more costly to us, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our operating results would suffer.

We are investing in and expect to increasingly rely on channel partners for a portion of our sales, and if our channel partner relationships are unsuccessful then our sales results will be adversely affected and the growth of our business will be harmed.

Our sales strategy relies in part on relationships we have developed with health plans, benefits consultants and other industry participants, and we are continuing to invest in, and expect to increase our reliance on, these relationships with channel partners to access additional customer segments and grow our overall sales. However, we cannot be certain that we will be able to identify suitable channel partners and, if we identify such channel partners, there can be no assurance that our channel partner relationships will be successful, or will result in access to additional customers or growth in sales. Our channel partnerships could fail for a variety of reasons, including changes in our partners’ business priorities, insufficient or misaligned incentives for our partners’ to assist us with sales, competition, or other factors.

In addition, our reliance on sales through channel partners could put downward pressure on the total revenue we are able to generate, and could result in existing customers electing to use alternative or lower-functionality versions of our products that we may elect to provide through channel partners. The concentration of a material portion of business with any given channel partner could also create tensions with other companies we do business with, including health plans on whom we rely to receive data and offer our services.

Certain relationships we will enter or have entered into with channel partners will require substantial investments of our resources to support these initiatives. There can be no assurance that the investments we make to develop and support these channel relationships, or the effort required to do so, will provide a positive return on our investment in the near term, or at all. If any of these events materialize, our business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

If our existing customers do not continue or renew their agreements with us, renew at lower fee levels or decline to purchase additional applications and services from us, our business and operating results will suffer.

We expect to derive a significant portion of our revenue from renewal of existing customer agreements and sales of additional applications and services to existing customers. As a result, achieving a high renewal rate of our customer agreements and selling additional applications and services is critical to our future operating results.

However, we have a limited operating history, and to date have not yet reached the end of the original term for the majority of our existing customer agreements. Accordingly, we do not yet have enough experience with customer renewals to predict our customer renewal rate and may experience significantly more difficulty than we anticipate in renewing existing customer agreements. Factors that may affect the renewal rate for our offering and our ability to sell additional applications and services include:


•	the price, performance and functionality of our offering;


•	the availability, price, performance and functionality of competing or alternative solutions;


•	the potential for customers that are able to access lower-functionality versions of our offering that we provide through; health plans or other channel partners to opt to use the lower-functionality versions of our offering rather than renewing their customer agreement with us;


•	our ability to develop complementary applications and services;

Table of Contents


•	our continued ability to access the pricing and claims data necessary to enable us to deliver reliable data in our cost estimation and price transparency offering to customers;


•	the stability, performance and security of our hosting infrastructure and hosting services;


•	changes in health care laws, regulations or trends; and


•	the business environment of our customers, in particular, headcount reductions by our customers.

We enter into master services agreements with our customers. These agreements generally have stated terms of three years. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions for our offering after the term expires. In addition, our customers may negotiate terms less advantageous to us upon renewal, which may reduce our revenue from these customers. Factors that are not within our control may contribute to a reduction in our contract revenue. For instance, our customers may reduce their number of employees, which would result in a corresponding reduction in the number of employee users eligible for our offering and thus a lower aggregate monthly services fee. Our future operating results also depend, in part, on our ability to sell new applications and services to our existing customers. If our customers fail to renew their agreements, renew their agreements upon less favorable terms or at lower fee levels, or fail to purchase new applications and services from us, our revenue may decline or our future revenue may be constrained.

In addition, a significant number of our customer agreements allow customers to terminate such agreements for convenience at certain times, typically with one to three months advance notice. We typically incur the expenses associated with integrating a customer’s data into our health care database and related training and support prior to recognizing meaningful revenue from such customer. Customer subscription revenue is not recognized until our applications are implemented for launch, which is generally from three to nine months from contract signing. If a customer terminates its agreement early and revenue and cash flows expected from a customer are not realized in the time period expected or not realized at all, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

A significant portion of our revenue comes from a limited number of customers, the loss of which would adversely affect our financial results.

Historically, we have relied on a limited number of customers for a substantial portion of our total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Administrative Committee of the Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Associates’ Health and Welfare Plan represented approximately 14% of our total revenue. In addition, in our year ended December 31, 2014, our top 10 customers by revenue accounted for 46% of our total revenue. We rely on our reputation and recommendations from key customers in order to promote our offering to potential customers. The loss of any of our key customers, or a failure of some of them to renew or expand user subscriptions, could have a significant impact on the growth rate of our revenue, reputation and our ability to obtain new customers. In addition, mergers and acquisitions involving our customers could lead to cancellation or non-renewal of our agreements with those customers or by the acquiring or combining companies, thereby reducing the number of our existing and potential customers.

Because we generally bill our customers and recognize revenue over the term of the contract, near term declines in new or renewed agreements may not be reflected immediately in our operating results and may be difficult to discern.

Most of our revenue in each quarter is derived from agreements entered into with our customers during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed agreements in any one quarter may not be fully reflected in our revenue for that quarter. Such declines, however, would negatively affect our revenue in future periods and the effect of significant downturns in sales of and market demand for our offering, and potential changes in our rate of renewals or renewal terms, may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. In addition, we may be unable to adjust our cost structure rapidly, or at all, to take account of reduced revenue. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our total revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers must be recognized over the applicable term of the agreement. Accordingly, the effect of changes in the industry impacting our business or changes we experience in our new sales may not be reflected in our short-term results of operations.

Our sales and implementation cycle can be long and unpredictable and require considerable time and expense, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate.

The sales cycle for our Enterprise Healthcare Management solutions, from initial contact with a potential lead to contract execution and implementation, varies widely by customer, ranging from three to 24 months. Some of our customers

Table of Contents

undertake a significant and prolonged evaluation process, including whether our offering meets a customer’s unique health care needs, that frequently involves not only our offering but also those of our competitors, which has in the past resulted in extended sales cycles. Our sales efforts involve educating our customers about the use, technical capabilities and benefits of our offering. Moreover, our large enterprise customers often begin to deploy our service on a limited basis, but nevertheless demand extensive configuration, integration services and pricing concessions, which increase our upfront investment in the sales effort with no guarantee that these customers will deploy our offering widely enough across their organization to justify our substantial upfront investment. It is possible that in the future we may experience even longer sales cycles, more complex customer needs, higher upfront sales costs and less predictability in completing some of our sales as we continue to expand our direct sales force and thereby increase the percentage of our sales personnel with less experience in selling our service, expand into new territories and add additional applications and services. If our sales cycle lengthens or our substantial upfront sales and implementation investments do not result in sufficient sales to justify our investments, our operating results may be harmed.

The health care industry is heavily regulated. Our failure to comply with regulatory requirements could create liability for us, result in adverse publicity and otherwise negatively affect our business.

The health care industry is heavily regulated and is constantly evolving due to the changing political, legislative and regulatory landscape and other factors. Many health care laws are complex, and their application to specific services and relationships may not be clear. Further, some health care laws differ from state to state and it is difficult to ensure our business complies with evolving laws in all states. Our operations may be adversely affected by enforcement initiatives. Our failure to accurately anticipate the application of these laws and regulations to our business, or any other failure to comply with regulatory requirements, could create liability for us, result in adverse publicity and negatively affect our business. For example, failure to comply with these requirements could result in the unwillingness of current and potential customers to work with us. Federal and state legislatures and agencies periodically consider proposals to revise aspects of the legal rules applicable to the health care industry, or to revise or create additional statutory and regulatory requirements. Such proposals, if implemented, could impact our operations, the use of our offering and our ability to market new applications and services, or could create unexpected liabilities for us. We cannot predict what changes to laws or regulations might be made in the future or how those changes could affect our business or our operating costs.

If we fail to comply with applicable health information privacy and security laws and other state and federal privacy and security laws, we may be subject to significant liabilities, reputational harm and other negative consequences, including decreasing the willingness of current and potential customers to work with us.

We are subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA established uniform federal standards for certain “covered entities,” which include health care providers and health plans, governing the conduct of specified electronic health care transactions and protecting the security and privacy of protected health information, or PHI. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, which became effective on February 17, 2010, makes HIPAA’s privacy and security standards directly applicable to “business associates,” which are independent contractors or agents of covered entities that create, receive, maintain, or transmit PHI in connection with providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against covered entities, business associates and other persons, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce HIPAA’s requirements and seek attorney’s fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions.

A portion of the data that we obtain and handle for or on behalf of our customers is considered PHI, subject to HIPAA. Under HIPAA and our contractual agreements with our HIPAA covered entity health plan customers, we are considered a “business associate” to those customers, and are required to maintain the privacy and security of PHI in accordance with HIPAA and the terms of our business associate agreements with customers, including by implementing HIPAA-required administrative, technical and physical safeguards. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs to establish and maintain these safeguards and, if additional safeguards are required to comply with HIPAA regulations or our customers’ requirements, our costs could increase further, which would negatively affect our operating results. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain adequate safeguards, or we or our agents and subcontractors use or disclose PHI in a manner prohibited or not permitted by HIPAA or our business associate agreements with our customers, or if the privacy or security of PHI that we obtain and handle is otherwise compromised, we could be subject to significant liabilities and consequences, including, without limitation:

Table of Contents


•	breach of our contractual obligations to customers, which may cause our customers to terminate their relationship with us and may result in potentially significant financial obligations to our customers;


•	investigation by the federal and state regulatory authorities empowered to enforce HIPAA, which include the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and state attorneys general, and the possible imposition of civil penalties;


•	private litigation by individuals adversely affected by any violation of HIPAA, HITECH or comparable state laws for which we are responsible; and


•	negative publicity, which may decrease the willingness of current and potential future customers to work with us and negatively affect our sales and operating results.

Further, we publish statements to end users of our services that describe how we handle and protect personal information. If federal or state regulatory authorities or private litigants consider any portion of these statements to be untrue, we may be subject to claims of deceptive practices, which could lead to significant liabilities and consequences, including, without limitation, costs of responding to investigations, defending against litigation, settling claims and complying with regulatory or court orders.

We also send SMS text messages to potential end users who are eligible to use our service through certain customers and partners. While we get consent from or on behalf of these individuals to send text messages, federal or state regulatory authorities or private litigants may claim that the notices and disclosures we provide, form of consents we obtain or our SMS texting practices are not adequate. These SMS texting campaigns are potential sources of risk for class action lawsuits and liability for our company. Numerous class-action suits under federal and state laws have been filed in the past year against companies who conduct SMS texting programs. Many of those suits have resulted in multi-million dollar settlements to the plaintiffs.

If our new applications and services are not adopted by our customers, or if we fail to continue to innovate and develop new applications and services that are adopted by customers, then our revenue and operating results will be adversely affected.

To date we have derived a substantial majority of our revenue from sales of our Castlight Essentials application, and our longer-term operating results and continued growth depend in part on our ability to successfully develop and sell new applications and services that our new and existing customers want and are willing to purchase. In addition to our Castlight Essentials application, we have recently introduced a number of new applications, such as our Castlight Pharmacy, Castlight Rewards, Castlight Protect, Castlight Elevate, Castlight Dental, and Castlight Action but it is uncertain whether these applications and services will result in significant revenue or comprise a significant portion of our total revenue. In addition, we have invested, and will continue to invest, significant resources in research and development to enhance our existing offering and introduce new high quality applications and services. If existing customers are not willing to make additional payments for such new applications, or if new customers do not value such new applications, our business and operating results will be harmed. If we are unable to predict user preferences or our industry changes, or if we are unable to modify our offering and services on a timely basis, we might lose customers. Our operating results would also suffer if our innovations are not responsive to the needs of our customers, appropriately timed with market opportunity or effectively brought to market.

We operate in a competitive industry, and if we are not able to compete effectively, our business and operating results will be harmed.

While the Enterprise Healthcare Management market is in an early stage of development, the market is competitive and we expect it to attract increased competition, which could make it hard for us to succeed. We currently face competition for sub-components of our offering from a range of companies, including specialized software and solution providers that offer similar solutions, often at substantially lower prices, and that are continuing to develop additional products and becoming more sophisticated and effective. These competitors include but are not limited to Change Healthcare Corporation, ClearCost Health, Healthcare Bluebook, HealthSparq and Truven Health Analytics Inc. In addition, large, well-financed health plans, with whom we cooperate and on whom we depend in order to obtain the pricing and claims data we need to deliver our offering to customers, have in some cases developed their own cost and quality estimation tools and provide these solutions to their customers at discounted prices or often for free. These health plans include, for example, Aetna Inc., Anthem, Inc., Cigna Corporation, and UnitedHealth Group, Inc. Competition from specialized software and solution providers, health plans and other parties may result in pricing pressure, which may lead to price decline in certain product segments, which could

Table of Contents

negatively impact our sales, profitability and market share. In addition, if health plans perceive continued cooperation with us as a threat to their business interests, they may take steps that impair our access to pricing and claims data, or that otherwise make it more difficult or costly for us to deliver our offering to customers.

Some of our competitors, in particular health plans, have greater name recognition, longer operating histories and significantly greater resources than we do. Furthermore, our current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources. As a result, our competitors might be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements and may have the ability to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. In addition, current and potential competitors have established, and might in the future establish, cooperative relationships with vendors of complementary products, technologies or services to increase the availability of their solutions in the marketplace. Accordingly, new competitors or alliances might emerge that have greater market share, a larger customer base, more widely adopted proprietary technologies, greater marketing expertise, greater financial resources and larger sales forces than we have, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage. Our competitors could also be better positioned to serve certain segments of the enterprise health care cloud market, such as customers that desire a more narrow solution, which could create additional price pressure. In light of these factors, even if our offering is more effective than those of our competitors, current or potential customers might accept competitive offerings in lieu of purchasing our offerings.

Shifts in health care benefits trends, including any potential decline in the number of self-insured employers, or the emergence of new technologies may render our offering obsolete or require us to expend significant resources in order to remain competitive.

The U.S. health care industry is massive, with a number of large market participants with conflicting agendas, is subject to significant government regulation and is currently undergoing significant change. Changes in our industry, for example, towards private health care exchanges or away from high deductible health plans, or the emergence of new technologies as more competitors enter our market, could result in our offering being less desirable or relevant.

For example, we currently derive substantially all of our revenue from sales to customers that are self-insured employers. The demand for our offering depends on the need of self-insured employers to manage the costs of health care services that they pay on behalf of their employees. While the percentage of employers who are self-insured has been increasing over the past decade, there is no assurance that this trend will continue. Various factors, including changes in the health care insurance market or in government regulation of the health care industry, could cause the percentage of self-insured employers to decline, which would adversely affect the market for our offering and would negatively affect our business and operating results. Furthermore, such trends and our business could be affected by changes in health care spending resulting from the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or the ACA, which was enacted in March 2010 and is currently being implemented. For example, under the ACA the federal government and several state governments established public exchanges in which consumers can purchase health insurance. In the event that the implementation of the ACA causes our customers to change their health care benefits plans or move to use of exchanges such that it reduces the need for our offering, or if the number of self-insured employers otherwise declines, we would be forced to compete on additional application and service attributes or to expend significant resources in order to alter our offering to remain competitive.

If health care benefits trends shift or entirely new technologies are developed that replace existing offerings, our existing or future offerings could be rendered obsolete and our business could be adversely affected. In addition, we may experience difficulties with software development, industry standards, design or marketing that could delay or prevent our development, introduction or implementation of new applications and enhancements.

We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception and we intend to continue to make significant investments to support our business growth, respond to business challenges or opportunities, develop new applications and services, enhance our existing offering and services, enhance our operating infrastructure and potentially acquire complementary businesses and technologies. For the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, our net cash used in operating activities was $44.9 million and $43.1 million, respectively. Our future capital requirements may be significantly different from our current estimates and will depend on many factors including our growth rate, new customer acquisitions, subscription renewal activity, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced services offerings and the continuing market acceptance of

Table of Contents

our cloud-based subscription services. Accordingly, we might need to engage in equity or debt financings or collaborative arrangements to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our Class B common stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which might make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. We might have to obtain funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or others that may require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or offering that we otherwise would not relinquish. In addition, during the recent economic instability, it has been difficult for many companies to obtain financing in the public markets or to obtain debt financing, and we might not be able to obtain additional financing on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.

Our proprietary software may not operate properly, which could damage our reputation, give rise to claims against us or divert application of our resources from other purposes, any of which could harm our business and operating results.

Proprietary software development is time-consuming, expensive and complex, and may involve unforeseen difficulties. We may encounter technical obstacles, and it is possible that we discover additional problems that prevent our proprietary applications from operating properly. In addition to our Castlight Essentials application, we are currently implementing software with respect to a number of new applications and services, including our Castlight Pharmacy, Castlight Rewards, Castlight Protect, Castlight Dental, Castlight Elevate and Castlight Action. If our offering does not function reliably or fails to achieve client expectations in terms of performance, clients could assert liability claims against us or attempt to cancel their contracts with us. This could damage our reputation and impair our ability to attract or maintain clients which would adversely affect our operating results.

Moreover, data services that are as complex as those we offer have in the past contained, and may in the future develop or contain, undetected defects or errors. Material performance problems, defects or errors in our existing or new software and applications and services may arise in the future and may result from interface of our offering with systems and data that we did not develop and the function of which is outside of our control or undetected in our testing. These defects and errors and any failure by us to identify and address them could result in loss of revenue or market share, diversion of development resources, injury to our reputation and increased service and maintenance costs. Defects or errors in our Enterprise Healthcare Management solutions might discourage existing or potential clients from purchasing our offering from us. Correction of defects or errors could prove to be impossible or impracticable. The costs incurred in correcting any defects or errors may be substantial and could adversely affect our operating results.

If we cannot implement our offering for customers in a timely manner, we may lose customers and our reputation may be harmed.

Our customers have a variety of different data formats, enterprise applications and infrastructure and our offering must support our customers’ data formats and integrate with complex enterprise applications and infrastructures. If our platform does not currently support a customer’s required data format or appropriately integrate with a customer’s applications and infrastructure, then we must configure our platform to do so, which increases our expenses. Additionally, we do not control our customers’ implementation schedules. As a result, if our customers do not allocate internal resources necessary to meet their implementation responsibilities or if we face unanticipated implementation difficulties, the implementation may be delayed. Further, our implementation capacity has at times constrained our ability to successfully implement our offering for our customers in a timely manner, particularly during periods of high demand. If the customer implementation process is not executed successfully or if execution is delayed, we could incur significant costs, customers could become dissatisfied and decide not to increase usage of our offering, or not to use our offering beyond an initial period prior to their term commitment or, in some cases, revenue recognition could be delayed. Our data dependencies and implementation procedures differ for each new product that we launch. Accordingly, our ability to convert sales of new products into billings and revenue depends on our ability to create a scalable launch infrastructure in each case. In addition, competitors with more efficient operating models with lower implementation costs could penetrate our customer relationships.

Additionally, large and demanding enterprise customers, who currently comprise the majority of our customer base, may request or require specific features or functions unique to their particular business processes, which increase our upfront investment in sales and deployment efforts and the revenue resulting from the customers under our typical contract length may

Table of Contents

not cover the upfront investments. If prospective large customers require specific features or functions that we do not offer, then the market for our offering will be more limited and our business could suffer.

In addition, supporting large customers could require us to devote significant development services and support personnel and strain our personnel resources and infrastructure. Furthermore, if we are unable to address the needs of these customers in a timely fashion or further develop and enhance our offering, or if a customer or its employees are not satisfied with our quality of work, our offering or professional services then we could incur additional costs to address the situation. In addition, we may be required to issue credits or refunds for pre-paid amounts related to unused services, the timing of recognition of revenue for, and the profitability of, that work might be impaired and the customer’s dissatisfaction with our offering could damage our ability to expand the number of applications and services purchased by that customer. These customers may not renew their agreements, seek to terminate their relationship with us or renew on less favorable terms. Moreover, negative publicity related to our customer relationships, regardless of its accuracy, may further damage our business by affecting our ability to retain or compete for new business with current and prospective customers. If any of these were to occur, our revenue may fail to grow at historical rates or at all, or may even decline and our operating results could be adversely affected.

Any failure to offer high-quality technical support services may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and harm our financial results.

Our customers depend on our support organization to resolve any technical issues relating to our offering. In addition, our sales process is highly dependent on the quality of our offering, our business reputation and on strong recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality and highly-responsive technical support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality and highly-responsive support, could harm our reputation, adversely affect our ability to sell our offering to existing and prospective customers, and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

We offer technical support services with our offering and may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for support services, particularly as we increase the size of our customer base. We also may be unable to modify the format of our support services to compete with changes in support services provided by competitors. It is difficult to predict customer demand for technical support services and if customer demand increases significantly, we may be unable to provide satisfactory support services to our customers and their employees. Additionally, increased customer demand for these services, without corresponding revenue, could increase costs and adversely affect our operating results.

We depend on data centers operated by third parties for our offering, and any disruption in the operation of these facilities could adversely affect our business.

We provide our Enterprise Healthcare Management solutions through computer hardware that is currently located in two third-party data centers in Colorado and Arizona, each of which are operated by the same IT hosting company. While we control and have access to our servers and all of the components of our network that are located in these external data centers, we do not control the operation of these facilities. The owner of our data centers has no obligation to renew the agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew these types of agreements on commercially reasonable terms, or if our data center operator is acquired, we may be required to transfer our servers and other infrastructure to new data center facilities, and we may incur significant costs and possible service interruption in connection with doing so.

Problems faced by our third-party data center locations could adversely affect the experience of our customers. The operator of the data centers could decide to close the facilities without adequate notice. In addition, any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy, faced by the operator of the data centers or any of the service providers with whom we or they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. Additionally, if our data centers are unable to keep up with our growing needs for capacity, this could have an adverse effect on our business. For example, a rapid expansion of our business could affect the service levels at our data centers or cause such data centers and systems to fail. Any changes in third-party service levels at our data centers or any disruptions or other performance problems with our product offering could adversely affect our reputation and may damage our customers’ stored files or result in lengthy interruptions in our services. Interruptions in our services might reduce our revenue, increase our costs associated with remediation or cause us to issue refunds to customers for prepaid and unused subscriptions, subject us to potential liability or adversely affect our renewal rates.

Table of Contents

The information that we provide to our customers, and their employees and families, could be inaccurate or incomplete, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We provide price, quality and other health care-related information for use by our customers, and their employees and families, to search and compare options for health care services. Third-party health plans and our clients provide us with most of these data. Because data in the health care industry is fragmented in origin, inconsistent in format and often incomplete, the overall quality of data in the health care industry is poor, and we frequently discover data issues and errors. If the data that we provide to our customers are incorrect or incomplete or if we make mistakes in the capture or input of these data, our reputation may suffer and our ability to attract and retain customers may be harmed.

In addition, a court or government agency may take the position that our storage and display of health information exposes us to personal injury liability or other liability for wrongful delivery or handling of health care services or erroneous health information. While we maintain insurance coverage, this coverage may prove to be inadequate or could cease to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. Even unsuccessful claims could result in substantial costs, harm to our reputation and diversion of management resources. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or under-insured could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on our senior management team, and the loss of one or more of our executive officers or key employees or an inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees or key subcontractor services could adversely affect our business.

Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our key executive officers. These executive officers are at-will employees and therefore may terminate employment with us at any time with no advance notice. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of these executive officers or any of our other key employees. We also rely on our leadership team in the areas of research and development, marketing, services and general and administrative functions. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives, which could disrupt our business. The replacement of one or more of our executive officers or other key employees would likely involve significant time and costs and may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives.

To continue to execute our growth strategy, we also must attract and retain highly skilled personnel. Competition is intense for engineers with high levels of experience in designing and developing software and Internet-related services, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area where we are located. We might not be successful in maintaining our unique culture and continuing to attract and retain qualified personnel. We have from time to time in the past experienced, and we expect to continue to experience in the future, difficulty in hiring and retaining highly skilled personnel with appropriate qualifications. The pool of qualified personnel with Software-as-a-Service, or SaaS, experience or experience working with the health care market is limited overall. In addition, many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have. We supplement our hired skilled personnel through the use of subcontractors, particularly in the area of research and development, a significant portion of which perform services outside of the United States. If these subcontractors cease to perform services for us for any reason, our ability to meet our development goals may be impaired, and our business and future growth prospects could be severely harmed.

In addition, in making employment decisions, particularly in the Internet and high-technology industries, job candidates often consider the value of the stock options or other equity instruments they are to receive in connection with their employment. Volatility in the price of our stock might, therefore, adversely affect our ability to attract or retain highly skilled personnel. Furthermore, the requirement to expense stock options and other equity instruments might discourage us from granting the size or type of stock option or equity awards that job candidates require to join our company. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be severely harmed.

If we cannot maintain our corporate culture as we grow, we could lose the transparency, courage, community, passion and excellence that we believe contribute to our success and our business may be harmed.

We believe that a critical asset for our business, and a source of our competitive strength, is our unique company culture, which we believe fosters transparency, courage, community, passion and excellence. As we grow and change, we may find it difficult to maintain these important aspects of our corporate culture. Any failure to preserve our culture could also negatively affect our ability to attract and retain personnel, our reputation and our ability to continue to build and advance our offering and may otherwise adversely affect our future success.

Table of Contents

If we fail to develop widespread brand awareness cost-effectively, our business may suffer.

We believe that developing and maintaining widespread awareness of our brand in a cost-effective manner is critical to achieving widespread adoption of our offering and attracting new customers. Brand promotion activities may not generate customer awareness or increase revenue, and even if they do, any increase in revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand, or incur substantial expenses, we may fail to attract or retain customers necessary to realize a sufficient return on our brand-building efforts, or to achieve the widespread brand awareness that is critical for broad customer adoption of our offering.

Our marketing efforts depend significantly on our ability to receive positive references from our existing customers.

Our marketing efforts depend significantly on our ability to call on our current customers to provide positive references to new, potential customers. Given our limited number of long-term customers, the loss or dissatisfaction of any customer could substantially harm our brand and reputation, inhibit the market adoption of our offering and impair our ability to attract new customers and maintain existing customers. Any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.

Our success depends in part on our ability to enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. We rely upon a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, as well as license and access agreements and other contractual provisions, to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. In addition, we attempt to protect our intellectual property and proprietary information by requiring certain of our employees, consultants and contractors to enter into confidentiality, noncompetition and assignment of inventions agreements. These laws, procedures and restrictions provide only limited protection and any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed or misappropriated. While we have five U.S. patent applications pending, and we currently have one issued U.S. patent, we cannot ensure that any of our pending patent applications will be granted or that our issued patent will adequately protect our intellectual property. In addition, if any patents are issued in the future, they may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be successfully challenged by third parties. To the extent that our intellectual property and other proprietary rights are not adequately protected, third parties might gain access to our proprietary information, develop and market solutions similar to ours, or use trademarks similar to ours, each of which could materially harm our business. Further, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or obtain and use our technology to develop applications with the same functionality as our offering, and policing unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property rights is difficult and may not be effective. The failure to adequately protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights could materially harm our business.

We could incur substantial costs as a result of any claim of infringement of another party’s intellectual property rights.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States involving patents and other intellectual property rights. Companies in the Internet and technology industries are increasingly bringing and becoming subject to suits alleging infringement of proprietary rights, particularly patent rights, and our competitors and other third parties may hold patents or have pending patent applications, which could be related to our business. These risks have been amplified by the increase in third parties, which we refer to as non-practicing entities, whose sole primary business is to assert such claims. We expect that we may receive in the future notices that claim we or our customers using our offering have misappropriated or misused other parties’ intellectual property rights, particularly as the number of competitors in our market grows and the functionality of applications amongst competitors overlaps. If we are sued by a third party that claims that our technology infringes its rights, the litigation, whether or not successful, could be extremely costly to defend, divert our management’s time, attention and resources, damage our reputation and brand and substantially harm our business. We do not currently have an extensive patent portfolio of our own, which may limit the defenses available to us in any such litigation.

In addition, in most instances, we have agreed to indemnify our customers against certain third-party claims, which may include claims that our offering infringes the intellectual property rights of such third parties. Our business could be adversely affected by any significant disputes between us and our customers as to the applicability or scope of our indemnification obligations to them. The results of any intellectual property litigation to which we might become a party, or for which we are required to provide indemnification, may require us to do one or more of the following:


•	cease offering or using technologies that incorporate the challenged intellectual property;

Table of Contents


•	make substantial payments for legal fees, settlement payments or other costs or damages;


•	obtain a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms, to sell or use the relevant technology; or


•	incur substantial costs and reallocate resources to redesign our technology to avoid infringement.

If we are required to make substantial payments or undertake any of the other actions noted above as a result of any intellectual property infringement claims against us or any obligation to indemnify our customers for such claims, such payments or costs could have a material adverse effect upon our business and financial results.

Our use of open source technology could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our software platform.

Our offering incorporates open source software components that are licensed to us under various public domain licenses. Some open source software licenses require users who distribute open source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software or make available any derivative works of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. There is little or no legal precedent governing the interpretation of many of the terms of these licenses and therefore the potential impact of such terms on our business is somewhat unknown. There is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market our software platform. While we monitor our use of open source software and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose our source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur and we may be required to release our proprietary source code, pay damages for breach of contract, re-engineer our offering, discontinue sales of our offering in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could cause us to breach customer contracts, harm our reputation, result in customer losses or claims, increase our costs or otherwise adversely affect our business and operating results.

We may face risks related to securities litigation that could result in significant legal expenses and settlement or damage awards.

We are currently and may in the future become subject to claims and litigation alleging violations of the securities laws or other related claims, which could harm our business and require us to incur significant costs. For example, in April and May, 2015, a series of purported securities class action lawsuits was filed in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Mateo, against us, certain of our current and former directors, executive officers, significant stockholders, and underwriters associated with our IPO. These lawsuits were brought by purported stockholders of our company seeking to represent a class consisting of all those who purchased our stock pursuant and/or traceable to the Registration Statement and Prospectus issued in connection with our IPO. The lawsuits, which were consolidated on July 22, 2015, seek unspecified damages. We are generally obliged, to the extent permitted by law, to indemnify our current and former directors and officers who are named as defendants in these types of lawsuits. Although, we plan to defend these lawsuits vigorously, regardless of the outcome, this or future litigation may require significant attention from management and could result in significant legal expenses, settlement costs or damage awards that could have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We may acquire other companies or technologies, which could divert our management’s attention, result in dilution to our stockholders and otherwise disrupt our operations and adversely affect our operating results.

We may in the future seek to acquire or invest in businesses, applications and services or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our offering, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities. The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated.

In addition, we have limited experience in acquiring other businesses. If we acquire additional businesses, we may not be able to integrate the acquired personnel, operations and technologies successfully, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition. We also may not achieve the anticipated benefits from the acquired business due to a number of factors, including:


•	inability to integrate or benefit from acquired technologies or services in a profitable manner;


•	unanticipated costs or liabilities associated with the acquisition;


•	difficulty integrating the accounting systems, operations and personnel of the acquired business;

Table of Contents


•	difficulties and additional expenses associated with supporting legacy products and hosting infrastructure of the acquired business;


•	difficulty converting the customers of the acquired business onto our platform and contract terms, including disparities in the revenue, licensing, support or professional services model of the acquired company;


•	diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;


•	adverse effects to our existing business relationships with business partners and customers as a result of the acquisition;


•	the potential loss of key employees;


•	use of resources that are needed in other parts of our business; and


•	use of substantial portions of our available cash to consummate the acquisition.

In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results based on this impairment assessment process, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, our operating results, business and financial position may suffer.

If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our Class B common stock may be negatively affected.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and, beginning with our annual report for the year ending December 31, 2015, provide a management report on the internal control over financial reporting. Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to audit the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until after we are no longer an “emerging growth company”, as defined in the JOBS Act. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal control over financial reporting is documented, designed or operating. If we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated. We are in the process of designing and implementing the internal control over financial reporting required to comply with this obligation, which process will be time consuming, costly and complicated. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm concludes we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our Class B common stock could be negatively affected and we could become subject to investigations by the New York Stock Exchange, on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require us to obtain additional financial and management resources.

We incur significantly increased costs and devote substantial management time as a result of operating as a public company.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. For example, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and are required to comply with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, including the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls, changes in corporate governance practices and required filing of annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and operating results. Compliance with these requirements increases our legal and financial compliance costs and makes some activities more time consuming and costly. In

Table of Contents

addition, our management and other personnel divert attention from operational and other business matters to devote substantial time to these public company requirements. In particular, we incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which will increase when we are no longer an emerging growth company, as defined by the JOBS Act.

Operating as a public company makes it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and in the future we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. This could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

We are an emerging growth company and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our Class B common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined under the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class B common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class B common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class B common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the end of the year in which the market value of our Class B common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of June 30, (ii) the end of the year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1 billion or more during such year, (iii) the date on which we issue more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in a three-year period or (iv) December 31, 2019.

We may not be able to utilize a significant portion of our net operating loss or research tax credit carryforwards, which could adversely affect our profitability.

Our primary tax jurisdiction is the United States. All of our tax years are open to examination by U.S. federal and state tax authorities due to our history of tax losses. We have provided a full valuation allowance for our deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty surrounding the future realization of such assets. Therefore, no benefit has been recognized for the net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets. The net operating loss could expire unused and be unavailable to reduce future income tax liabilities, which could adversely affect our profitability.

Economic uncertainties or downturns in the general economy or the industries in which our customers operate could disproportionately affect the demand for our offering and negatively impact our results of operations.

General worldwide economic conditions have experienced a significant downturn, and market volatility and uncertainty remain widespread, making it extremely difficult for our customers and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities. In addition, these conditions could cause our customers or prospective customers to decrease headcount, benefits or human resources budgets, which could decrease corporate spending on our applications and services, resulting in delayed and lengthened sales cycles, a decrease in new customer acquisition and loss of customers. Furthermore, during challenging economic times, our customers may have difficulty gaining timely access to sufficient credit or obtaining credit on reasonable terms, which could impair their ability to make timely payments to us and adversely affect our revenue. If that were to occur, our financial results could be harmed. Further, challenging economic conditions might impair the ability of our customers to pay for the applications and services they already have purchased from us and, as a result, our write-offs of accounts receivable could increase. We cannot predict the timing, strength, or duration of any economic slowdown or recovery. If the condition of the general economy or markets in which we operate worsens, our business could be harmed.

Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. Our estimates and forecasts relating to the size and expected growth of the

Table of Contents

enterprise health care cloud market may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete meets our size estimates and forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

Natural or man-made disasters and other similar events may significantly disrupt our business and negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Our offices may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including earthquakes, power outages, fires, floods, nuclear disasters and acts of terrorism or other criminal activities, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to operate our business for some period of time. For example, our headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity. Any disruptions in our operations related to the repair or replacement of our office could negatively impact our business and results of operations and harm our reputation. In addition, we may not carry business insurance sufficient to compensate for losses that may occur. Any such losses or damages could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the facilities of significant customers, health plans or major strategic partners may be harmed or rendered inoperable by such natural or man-made disasters, which may cause disruptions, difficulties or material adverse effects on our business.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class B Common Stock

The stock price of our Class B common stock may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.

The market price of our Class B common stock has fluctuated significantly since our public offering and may continue to fluctuate. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our Class B common stock. Factors, many of which are beyond our control, that could cause additional fluctuations in the market price of our Class B common stock include the following:


•	overall performance of the equity markets;


•	our operating performance and the performance of other similar companies;


•	changes in the estimates of our operating results that we provide to the public or our failure to meet these projections;


•	failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow our company or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors or changes in recommendations by securities analysts that elect to follow our Class B common stock;


•	sales of shares of our Class B common stock by us or our stockholders;


•	announcements of technological innovations, new applications or enhancements to services, acquisitions, strategic alliances or significant agreements by us or by our competitors;


•	disruptions in our services due to computer hardware, software or network problems;


•	announcements of customer additions and customer cancellations or delays in customer purchases;


•	recruitment or departure of key personnel;


•	the economy as a whole, market conditions in our industry and the industries of our customers;


•	litigation involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;


•	developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;


•	new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business; and


•	the size of our market float.

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many technology companies. Stock prices of many technology companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders have filed securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in

Table of Contents

securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business and adversely affect our business.

If there are substantial sales of shares of our Class B common stock, the price of our Class B common stock could decline.

The price of our Class B common stock could decline if there are substantial sales of our Class B common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant stockholders, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares, and may make it more difficult for you to sell your Class B common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our Class B common stock.

In addition, certain of our stockholders have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares and to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or our stockholders. Registration of the resale of these shares under the Securities Act would generally result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction. Any sales of securities by existing stockholders could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. We also registered shares of Class B common stock that we have issued and may issue under our employee equity incentive and employee stock purchase plans. These shares may be sold freely in the public market upon issuance.

The dual class structure of our common stock will have the effect of concentrating voting control with our executive officers (including our Chief Executive Officer) and directors and their affiliates; this will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters.

Each share of Class A common stock and each share of Class B common stock has one vote per share, except on the following matters (in which each share of Class A common stock has ten votes per share and each share of Class B common stock has one vote per share):


•	adoption of a merger or consolidation agreement involving our company;


•	a sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of our property and assets;


•	a dissolution or liquidation of our company; or


•	every matter, if and when any individual, entity or “group” (as such term is used in Regulation 13D of the Exchange Act) has, or has publicly disclosed (through a press release or a filing with the SEC) an intent to have, beneficial ownership of 30% or more of the number of outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, combined.

Because of our dual class common stock structure, the holders of our Class A common stock, who consist of our founders, directors, executives, employees, will continue to be able to control the corporate matters listed above if any such matter is submitted to our stockholders for approval even if they come to own less than 50% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. As of September 30, 2015, our executive officers and directors and their affiliates own 35.6% of our outstanding Class A common stock and Class B Common Stock, combined. However, because of our dual class common stock structure our executive officers and directors and their affiliates have 57.4% of the total votes in each of the matters identified in the list above. This concentrated control by our Class A common stockholders will limit or preclude the ability of a holder of our Class B common stock to influence those corporate matters for the foreseeable future and, as a result, we may take actions that our stockholders do not view as beneficial. The market price of our Class B common stock could be adversely affected by the structure. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Transfers by holders of Class A common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class B common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of Class A common stock to Class B common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class A common stock who retain their shares in the long term. If, for example, our executive officers (including our Chief Executive Officer), directors and their affiliates retain a significant portion of their holdings of Class A common stock for an extended period of time, they could continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock with respect to each of the matters identified in the list above.

Table of Contents

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class B common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Class B common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our Class B common stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Class B common stock could decrease, which might cause our Class B common stock price and trading volume to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, stockholders must rely on sales of their Class B common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.

Anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law and in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove members of our board of directors or current management and depress the trading price of our Class B common stock.

Our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders.

In addition, our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our company or changes in our board of directors or management more difficult, including the following:


•	our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms and directors are only able to be removed from office for cause, which may delay the replacement of a majority of our board of directors or impede an acquirer from rapidly replacing our existing directors with its own slate of directors;


•	subject to the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock to elect directors under specified circumstances, only our board of directors has the right to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;

•

our stockholders may not act by written consent or call special stockholders’ meetings; as a result, a holder, or holders, controlling a majority of our capital stock are not be able to take certain actions other than at annual stockholders’ meetings or special stockholders’ meetings, which special meetings may only be called by the chairman of our board, our chief executive officer, our president, or a majority of our board of directors;


•	certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;

•

our restated certificate of incorporation authorizes undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued, by our board of directors without the approval of the holders of Class B common stock, which makes it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to acquire us;


•	advance notice procedures and additional disclosure requirements apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before a meeting of stockholders, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company;


•	our restated certificate of incorporation prohibits cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;


•	amendment of the anti-takeover provisions of our restated certificate of incorporation require supermajority approval by holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding common stock; and

•

in certain circumstances pertaining to change in control, the sale of all or substantially all of our assets and liquidation matters, and on all matters if and when any individual, entity or group has, or has publicly disclosed an intent to have, beneficial ownership of 30% or more of the number of outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, combined, holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to ten votes per share and holders of our

Table of Contents

Class B common stock are entitled to one vote per share. The holders of our Class A common stock own 57.8% and the holders of our Class B common stock own 42.2% of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, combined. However, because of our dual class common stock structure these holders of our Class A common stock have 93.2% and holders of our Class B common stock have 6.8% of the total votes with respect to the matters specified above. In all other circumstances, holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock are each entitled to one vote per share, and in these other circumstances the holders of our Class A common stock have 57.8% and holders of our Class B common stock have 42.2% of the total votes.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds


(a)	Sale of Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

Not applicable


(b)	Use of Proceeds from Public Offering of Common Stock

On March 19, 2014, we closed our IPO, in which we sold 12.8 million shares of Class B common stock at a price to the public of $16.00 per share pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-193840), which was declared effective by the SEC on March 13, 2014. We raised approximately $185.6 million in net proceeds from the offering, after deducting underwriter discounts and commissions of approximately $14.3 million and other offering expenses of approximately $4.3 million.

There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC on March 14, 2014 pursuant to Rule 424(b).


(c)	Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None

Item 5. Other Information

None

Table of Contents

Item 6. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a) Exhibits.

The Exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Form 10-Q



		Incorporate by Reference
Exhibit Number	Description of Document	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filed Herewith

31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.				X

31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.				X

32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350.				X

32.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350.				X

101.INS	XBRL Instance Document				X

101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document				X

101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document				X

101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document				X

101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Labels Linkbase Document				X

101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document				X

_______________________



*	The certifications on Exhibit 32 hereto are deemed not “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such certifications will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Table of Contents

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.



	CASTLIGHT HEALTH, INC.
Date: November 4, 2015	By:	/s/ John C. Doyle
		John C. Doyle
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

Table of Contents

EXHIBIT INDEX



		Incorporate by Reference
Exhibit Number	Description of Document	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filed Herewith

31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.				X

31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.				X

32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350.				X

32.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350.				X

101.INS	XBRL Instance Document				X

101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document				X

101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document				X

101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document				X

101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Labels Linkbase Document				X

101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document				X

_______________________



*	The certifications on Exhibit 32 hereto are deemed not “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such certifications will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.