As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 25, 2010
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in charter)
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
(Name and address of agent for service)
COPIES TO:
Steven B. Boehm John J. Mahon Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP 1275 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004 (202) 383-0100 |
Thomas R. Westle Brad L. Shiffman Blank Rome LLP The Chrysler Building 405 Lexington Avenue New York, NY 10174 (212) 885-5000 |
Approximate date of proposed public offering: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.
If any securities being registered on this form will be offered on a delayed or continuous basis in reliance on Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered in connection with a dividend reinvestment plan, check the following box. o
It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box):
o when declared effective pursuant to section 8(c).
Title of Securities Being Registered | Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price(1) |
Amount of Registration Fee(1) |
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Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | $50,000,000 | $3,565 |
(1) | Estimated pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933 solely for the purpose of determining the registration fee. |
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS | SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED , 2010 |
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We are a newly formed, non-diversified closed-end management investment company that has registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, or the 1940 Act. Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolios total return. We will seek to achieve our investment objective by investing primarily in leveraged corporate loans (primarily non-investment grade loans which are generally a corporations most senior debt), with an emphasis on current income. Those investments may take a variety of forms, including the direct purchases of loans (either in the primary or secondary markets) or through investments in entities that in turn own leveraged corporate loans. We intend to initially implement our investment objective by investing principally in the equity and junior debt tranches of collateralized loan obligation (CLO) vehicles, which are collateralized primarily by leveraged corporate loans, and which generally have very little or no exposure to real estate or mortgage loans or to pools of consumer-based debt, such as credit card receivables or auto loans.
Oxford Lane Management, LLC will manage our investments and its affiliate will arrange for the performance of the administrative services necessary for us to operate.
This is our initial public offering and our shares have no history of public trading. Assuming an initial public offering price of $20 per share, purchasers in this offering will experience immediate dilution in net asset value of approximately $ per share. See Dilution for more information. We have applied to have our common stock approved for quotation on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol OXLC.
This prospectus contains important information about us that a prospective investor should know before investing in our common stock. Please read this prospectus before investing and keep it for future reference. Upon the completion of this offering, we will file annual, semi-annual and quarterly reports, proxy statements and other information about us with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. This information will be available free of charge by contacting us by mail at 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830, by telephone at (203) 983-5275 or on our website at http://www.[ ].com. The SEC also maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains such information. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider that information to be part of this prospectus.
An investment in our common stock is subject to risks and involves a heightened risk of total loss of investment. Shares of closed-end investment companies frequently trade at a discount to their net asset value. If our shares trade at a discount to our net asset value, it may increase the risk of loss for purchasers in this offering. In addition, the CLO securities in which we invest are subject to special risks. See Risk Factors beginning on page 12 to read about factors you should consider, including the risk of leverage, before investing in our common stock.
Neither the SEC nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Per Share | Total(1) | |||||||
Public Offering Price | $ | $ | ||||||
Sales Load (Underwriting Discounts and Commissions) | $ | $ | ||||||
Proceeds to Oxford Lane Capital Corp. (before expenses)(2) | $ | $ |
(1) | We have granted the underwriters a [ ]-day option, which we refer to as the overallotment option, to purchase up to an additional shares of our common stock at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions (sales load). If the overallotment option is exercised in full, the total public offering price will be $ and the total underwriting discounts and commissions (sales load) will be $ . See Underwriting. |
(2) | We estimate that we will incur approximately $ in offering expenses in connection with this offering. Stockholders will indirectly bear such expenses as investors in Oxford Lane Capital Corp. |
The underwriters expect to deliver the shares on or about , 2010.
The date of this prospectus is , 2010.
You should rely on the information contained in this prospectus. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized any other person to provide you with different information or to make representations as to matters not stated in this prospectus. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, securities only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of this prospectus.
Until , 2010 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), federal securities laws may require all dealers that effect transactions in our common stock, whether or not participating in this offering, to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.
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The following summary contains basic information about this offering. It may not contain all the information that is important to an investor. For a more complete understanding of this offering, you should read this entire document and the documents to which we have referred.
Except where the context requires otherwise, the terms Oxford Lane Capital, the Company, we, us and our refer to Oxford Lane Capital Corp.; Oxford Lane Management and investment adviser refer to Oxford Lane Management, LLC; and BDC Partners refers to BDC Partners, LLC.
Unless otherwise noted, the information contained in this prospectus assumes that the underwriters overallotment option is not exercised.
We are a newly formed, non-diversified closed-end management investment company that has registered as an investment company under the 1940 Act. Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolios total return. We will seek to achieve our investment objective by investing primarily in leveraged corporate loans (primarily non-investment grade loans which are generally a corporations most senior debt), with an emphasis on current income. Those investments may take a variety of forms, including the direct purchases of loans (either in the primary or secondary markets) or through investments in entities that in turn own leveraged corporate loans. We intend to initially implement our investment objective by investing principally in the equity and junior debt tranches of collateralized loan obligation (CLO) vehicles, which are collateralized primarily by leveraged corporate loans, and which generally have very little or no exposure to real estate or mortgage loans or to pools of consumer-based debt, such as credit card receivables or auto loans.
As the credit markets are in the midst of a period of almost unprecedented turmoil, we believe that those dislocations have created opportunities to purchase discounted assets, many of which are structurally levered (on favorable terms) at attractive risk-adjusted returns. We intend to focus our initial investing in CLO equity and junior debt tranches that can be acquired either directly from CLO vehicles or in secondary market transactions. We may also invest, on an opportunistic basis, in other corporate credits of a variety of types. We expect that each of our investments will range in size from $1 million to $8 million, although the investment size may vary consistent with the size of our overall portfolio.
Oxford Lane Management will manage our investments and its affiliate will arrange for the performance of the administrative services necessary for us to operate.
Our investment activities will be managed by Oxford Lane Management, which is an investment adviser that has registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, or the Advisers Act. Under our investment advisory agreement with Oxford Lane Management, which we refer to as our Investment Advisory Agreement, we have agreed to pay Oxford Lane Management an annual base management fee based on our gross assets, including any proceeds from this offering which have not yet been invested in accordance with our investment objective, beginning upon completion of this offering, as well as an incentive fee based on our performance. See Investment Advisory Agreement.
We expect to benefit from the proven ability of our investment advisers team to identify attractive opportunities, conduct diligence on and value prospective investments, negotiate terms where appropriate, and manage and monitor a diversified portfolio although we do not intend to operate as a diversified investment company within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Our investment advisers senior investment team members have broad investment backgrounds, with prior experience at investment banks, commercial banks, unregistered investment funds and other financial services companies, and have collectively developed a broad network of contacts to provide us with our principal source of investment opportunities.
Our investment adviser is led by Jonathan H. Cohen, our Chief Executive Officer, and Saul B. Rosenthal, our President. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal are assisted by Darryl M. Monasebian and Hari Srinivasan, who serve as Senior Managing Director and Managing Director, respectively, for Oxford Lane Management. We consider Messrs. Cohen, Rosenthal, Monasebian and Srinivasan to be Oxford Lane Managements senior investment team.
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Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, together with the other members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team, have developed an infrastructure that we believe will provide Oxford Lane Capital with a competitive advantage in locating and acquiring attractive corporate debt and CLO investments. In particular, the members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team currently manage the portfolios of:
| TICC Capital Corp., a NASDAQ Global Select Market-listed business development company with over $253 million in gross assets as of March 31, 2010, which is managed by TICC Management, LLC; |
| Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey-based, London Stock Exchange Alternative Investment Market, or AIM, listed closed-end debt-focused investment fund with approximately $301 million of gross assets as of March 31, 2010, which is managed by T2 Advisers, LLC; and |
| T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., a CLO structured finance vehicle investing in a diversified portfolio of leveraged corporate loans, the assets of which are included in the gross assets of Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited. |
In the course of managing those existing portfolios, the members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team have historically evaluated and invested in a combination of bilateral and syndicated leveraged corporate loans and structured finance vehicles, with the objective of producing high risk-adjusted returns primarily in the form of current income. Since June 2009, the members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team have sourced and analyzed in excess of 100 secondary CLO tranche transactions, and have invested an aggregate of approximately $31 million in 15 such transactions that, collectively, have an aggregate par value of approximately $63 million.
Charles M. Royce is the non-managing member of Oxford Lane Management. Mr. Royce has served as President and Chief Investment Officer since 1972, and a member of the Board of Managers since 2001, of Royce & Associates, LLC (Royce & Associates). He also manages or co-manages ten of Royce & Associates open- and closed-end registered funds. Mr. Royce currently serves on the Board of Directors of The Royce Funds and TICC Capital Corp. Mr. Royce, as a non-managing member of Oxford Lane Management, does not take part in the management or participate in the operations of Oxford Lane Management; however, Mr. Royce is available to Oxford Lane Management to provide certain consulting services without compensation. Royce & Associates is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legg Mason, Inc.
In addition, our executive officers and directors, as well as the current and future members of our investment adviser, Oxford Lane Management, may serve as officers, directors or principals of other entities that operate in the same or a related line of business as we do. Accordingly, they may have obligations to investors in those entities, the fulfillment of which obligations may not be in the best interests of us or our stockholders. Each of TICC Capital Corp., Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited and T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., as well as any affiliated investment vehicle formed in the future and managed by our investment adviser or its affiliates may, notwithstanding different stated investment objectives, have overlapping investment objectives with our own and, accordingly, may invest in asset classes similar to those targeted by us. As a result, Oxford Lane Management may face conflicts in allocating investment opportunities between us and such other entities. Although Oxford Lane Management will endeavor to allocate investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner, it is possible that, in the future, we may not be given the opportunity to participate in investments made by investment funds, including TICC Capital Corp., Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd. and Oxford Gate Capital, LLC (a private partnership that invests in a broad range of assets, including the equity and debt of CLOs) managed by our investment adviser or an investment manager affiliated with our investment adviser. In any such case, when Oxford Lane Managements investment team identifies an investment, it will be required to choose which investment fund should make the investment.
In certain instances, we may co-invest on a concurrent basis with affiliates of our investment adviser, subject to compliance with applicable regulations and regulatory guidance and our written allocation procedures.
In addition, we will pay BDC Partners, an affiliate of Oxford Lane Management, our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by BDC Partners in performing its obligations under an administration agreement by and among us and BDC Partners (the Administration Agreement), including rent, the fees and expenses associated with performing compliance functions, and our allocable portion of the compensation of our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and any administrative support staff. These arrangements will create conflicts of interest that our Board of Directors must monitor.
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Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolios total return. We will seek to achieve our investment objective by investing primarily in leveraged corporate loans (primarily non-investment grade loans which are generally a corporations most senior debt), with an emphasis on current income. Those investments may take a variety of forms, including the direct purchases of loans (either in the primary or secondary markets) or through investments in entities that in turn own senior secured corporate loans. We intend to initially implement our investment objective by investing principally in the equity and junior debt tranches of CLO vehicles, which are collateralized primarily by leveraged corporate loans, and which generally have very little or no exposure to real estate or mortgage loans or to pools of consumer-based debt, such as credit card receivables or auto loans.
The CLO investments we intend to initially target will generally represent either a residual economic interest, in the case of an equity tranche, or a debt investment collateralized by a portfolio of leveraged corporate loans. The value of our CLO investments will generally depend on both the quality and nature of the underlying portfolio it references and also on the specific structural characteristics of the CLO itself, both of which are described below.
Structurally, a CLO vehicle is a non-recourse special purpose vehicle established to acquire and manage a portfolio primarily comprised of loans meeting certain established investment criteria and concentration limitations. A CLO vehicle obtains funding to acquire the portfolio by issuing rated debt obligations (notes) and equity. Debt obligations are typically issued in tranches with the most senior tranches rated AAA and the most junior tranches unrated or rated BB. CLO equity may be issued in the form of subordinated income notes or in the form of preference shares.
Equity is referred to as the first loss piece of a CLO vehicle as it will be the first in the capital structure to suffer losses as a result of realized losses on the underlying portfolio. The equity will generally receive periodic payments of any excess interest generated by the portfolio over the liabilities, similar to dividends on stocks. The CLO equity receives the residual value after all note tranches have been fully repaid.
CLO notes have the benefit of overcollateralization (as illustrated below). The junior class of notes have the least overcollateralization and the greatest subordination. The opposite is true for the most senior notes.
The most junior tranche of CLO notes is typically referred to as the second loss piece of a CLO vehicle. The junior tranche is structured as a debt security and receives periodic contractual coupon payments based on the applicable interest rate, which may be fixed or at a floating rate based on a margin over a benchmark, such as LIBOR. At the maturity or liquidation of the CLO vehicle, the principal of this tranche will be repaid only after the more highly-rated tranches are repaid in full.
The above diagram is for illustrative purposes only. The CLO structure highlighted in the above diagram is only a hypothetical structure and structures among CLO vehicles in which we may invest may vary substantially from the hypothetical example set forth above.
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The order for payments of all liabilities of a CLO vehicle are set out in detail in the indenture. The contractual provisions setting out this order of payments is referred to as the priority of payments or the waterfall and determine any other obligations that may be required to be paid ahead of payments of interest and principal on the securities issued by a CLO vehicle.
CLO indentures typically provide for adjustments to the priority of payments in the event that certain cashflow or overcollateralization requirements are not maintained. The collateral quality tests that may divert cashflows in the priority of payments are predominantly determined by reference to the par values of the underlying loans, rather than their current market values. Accordingly, we believe that CLO equity and junior debt investments allow investors to gain diversified exposure to the leveraged corporate loan market on a levered basis without being structurally subject to mark-to-market price fluctuations of the underlying loans. As such, although the current valuations of CLO equity and junior debt tranches are expected to fluctuate based on price changes within the loan market, interest rate movements and other macroeconomic factors, those tranches will be expected to continue to receive distributions from the CLO vehicle periodically so long as the underlying portfolio does not suffer defaults and/or realized losses sufficient to trigger changes in the waterfall allocations. We therefore believe that an investment portfolio consisting of CLO equity and junior debt investments of this type has the ability to provide attractive risk-adjusted rates of return.
We believe that while the syndicated leveraged corporate loan market is relatively large, with Standard and Poors estimating the total par value outstanding at approximately $500 billion as of March 26, 2010, this market remains largely inaccessible to a significant portion of investors that are not lenders or approved institutions. The CLO market permits wider exposure to syndicated leveraged corporate loans, but this market is almost exclusively private and predominantly institutional. Our strategy provides a platform from which individual investors can access this market on a relatively diversified basis.
The leveraged corporate loan market is characterized by various factors, including:
| Seniority. A leveraged corporate loan typically ranks senior in a companys capital structure to all other forms of debt or equity. As such, that loan maintains the senior-most claim on the companys assets and cash flow, and, we believe should, all other things being equal, offer the prospect of a relatively more stable and lower-risk holding. |
| Floating rate instruments. A leveraged corporate loan typically contains a floating versus a fixed interest rate, which we believe provides some measure of protection against the risk of interest rate fluctuation. |
| Frequency of interest payments. A leveraged corporate loan typically provides for scheduled interest payments no less frequently than quarterly. |
In the current environment, we believe the above attributes seem particularly desirable.
We believe that the leveraged corporate loan market has and continues to represent an attractive area for investment. We believe that the CLO equity and junior debt investments we intend to seek currently represent, as a class, an opportunity to obtain attractive risk-adjusted investment returns. We believe that a number of factors support this conclusion, including:
| We believe that price declines in the secondary market for leveraged corporate loans have created opportunities to purchase certain assets at prices that yield attractive risk adjusted returns. |
| We believe that CLO equity and junior debt instruments have generally become more liquid since mid-2009. From late 2007 through mid-2009, these assets traded less frequently, if at all. We believe that greater recent liquidity has created the opportunity to better analyze and compare various offered equity interests and debt tranches across the respective structures and financial profiles. |
| We believe that prices, especially on a trade-weighted basis, have fallen considerably since mid-2008. CLO equity and junior debt instruments have moved from trading essentially at par, with a thin secondary market, to a more active market where such instruments currently trade at 30% to 60% of par value. While these indicative valuations have recovered substantially from the lows of the first half of 2009, we believe that very little actual trading occurred during that time. |
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| We believe that ownership of both junior debt and CLO equity instruments have generally been distributed across a range of holders, some of whom we believe may continue to face near- to intermediate-term liquidity issues. Further, we believe that larger institutional investors with sufficient resources to source, analyze and negotiate the purchase of these assets may refrain from purchases of the size that we are targeting, thereby reducing the prospective competition for our target investments. |
| We believe that successful investment in CLO securities, and CLO equity instruments in particular, requires very high levels of research and analysis. We believe that typically this analysis can only be conducted by knowledgeable market participants, as the nature of that analysis tends to be highly specialized. |
| We believe that a stronger market for leveraged corporate loans has substantially reduced the risk of par impairment across most CLO structures, thereby reducing the instances where current cashflows otherwise payable to equity must be diverted under the priority of payments to pay down more senior obligations in CLO structures. |
| We believe that the global CLO market is relatively large, with a total par value of approximately $250 billion among approximately 540 different U.S.-based CLO vehicles and approximately €70 billion among 180 European-based CLO vehicles as of June 1, 2010, according to estimates by Moodys Investors Service. We estimate that the size of the junior-most debt tranches (specifically the tranches originally rated BB) are approximately $9.0 billion for the U.S. CLO market and €2.5 billion for the European CLO market, and the size of the equity tranches is approximately $20 billion and €5.5 billion, respectively. |
The value of our assets, as well as the market price of our shares, will fluctuate. Our investments may be risky, and you may lose all or part of your investment in us. Investing in Oxford Lane Capital involves other risks, including the following:
| We have no operating history as a closed-end investment company; |
| We will be dependent upon Oxford Lane Managements key personnel for our future success; |
| Our incentive fee structure and the formula for calculating the fee payable to Oxford Lane Management may incentivize Oxford Lane Management to pursue speculative investments, use leverage when it may be unwise to do so, or refrain from de-levering when it would otherwise be appropriate to do so; |
| A general increase in interest rates will likely have the effect of making it easier for our investment adviser to receive incentive fees, without necessarily resulting in an increase in our net earnings due to the catch up feature of the incentive fee; |
| CLO vehicles are very highly levered (typically 10-14 times), and therefore the junior debt and equity instruments in which we invest are subject to a higher degree of risk of total loss; |
| Our portfolio of investments may lack diversification among CLO vehicles which may subject us to a risk of significant loss if one or more of these CLO vehicles experiences a high level of defaults on its underlying leveraged corporate loans; |
| The leveraged corporate loan portfolios of the CLO vehicles in which we will invest may be concentrated in a limited number of industries, which may subject those vehicles, and in turn us, to a risk of significant loss if there is a downturn in a particular industry in which a number of our CLO vehicles investments are concentrated; |
| Our financial results may be affected adversely if one or more of our significant equity or junior debt investments in such CLO vehicles defaults on its payment obligations or fails to perform as we expect; |
| Investing in CLO vehicles and other high-yield corporate credits involves a variety of risks, any of which may adversely impact our performance; |
| An extended continuation of the disruption, or another downturn, in the capital markets and the credit markets could impair our ability to raise capital and negatively affect our business; |
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| We may borrow money to leverage our portfolio, which would magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and may increase the risk of investing in us; |
| Our investment portfolio will be recorded at fair value, with our Board of Directors having final responsibility for overseeing, reviewing and approving, in good faith, its estimate of fair value and, as a result, there will be uncertainty as to the value of our portfolio investments; |
| We may experience fluctuations in our quarterly results; |
| We will become subject to corporate-level income tax if we are unable to qualify as a regulated investment company, or RIC, under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to as the Code; |
| Prior to our initial public offering, there will be no public market for our common stock, and we cannot assure you that the market price of shares of our common stock will not decline following our initial public offering; |
| Shares of closed-end management investment companies have in the past frequently traded at discounts to their net asset values, and we cannot assure you that the market price of shares of our common stock will not decline below our net asset value per share; |
| Our common stock price may be volatile and may decrease substantially; |
| There is a risk that our stockholders may not receive distributions or that our distributions may not grow over time; |
| Regulations governing our operation as a registered closed-end management investment company affect our ability to raise additional capital and the way in which we do so. As a registered closed-end management investment company, the necessity of raising additional capital may expose us to risks, including the typical risks associated with leverage. |
See Risk Factors beginning on page 12, and the other information included in this prospectus, for additional discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in shares of our common stock.
Oxford Lane Capital is a newly-formed Maryland corporation that is a non-diversified closed-end management investment company that has registered as an investment company under the 1940 Act. As a registered closed-end fund, we will be required to meet regulatory tests. See Regulation as a Registered Closed-End Investment Company. We may also borrow funds to make investments. In addition, we intend to elect to be treated for federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually thereafter, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. See Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.
Our investment activities will be managed by Oxford Lane Management and supervised by our Board of Directors. Oxford Lane Management is an investment adviser that intends to register under the Advisers Act prior to pricing of this offering. Under our Investment Advisory Agreement, we have agreed to pay Oxford Lane Management an annual base management fee based on our gross assets as well as an incentive fee based on our performance. See Investment Advisory Agreement. We have also entered into an administration agreement with BDC Partners, which we refer to as the Administration Agreement, under which we have agreed to reimburse BDC Partners for our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by BDC Partners in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including furnishing us with office facilities, equipment and clerical, bookkeeping and record keeping services at such facilities, as well as providing us with other administrative services. See Administration Agreement.
BDC Partners also serves as the managing member of Oxford Lane Management. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, in turn, serve as the managing member and non-managing member, respectively, of BDC Partners.
Our offices are located at 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830, and our telephone number is (203) 983-5275.
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Common Stock Offered by Us |
shares. The underwriters will reserve up to [ ] shares for sale, directly or indirectly, to our directors and executive officers, and to certain other parties affiliated with Oxford Lane Management. |
Common Stock to be Outstanding After this Offering |
shares. |
Use of Proceeds |
Our net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $ . We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering for acquiring investments in accordance with our investment objective and strategies described in this prospectus and for general working capital purposes. We will also pay operating expenses, including advisory and administrative fees and expenses, and may pay other expenses such as due diligence expenses of potential new investments, from the net proceeds of this offering. We anticipate that substantially all of the net proceeds of this offering will be used for the above purposes within three to nine months from the consummation of this offering, depending on the availability of appropriate investment opportunities consistent with our investment objective and market conditions. Pending such investments, we will invest the net proceeds primarily in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities and other high-quality investments that mature in one year or less from the date of investment. See Use of Proceeds. |
Proposed NASDAQ Global Select Market symbol |
OXLC |
Distributions |
Subsequent to the completion of this offering, and to the extent that we have income available, we intend to distribute quarterly dividends to our stockholders, beginning with our first full quarter after the completion of this offering. The amount of our dividends, if any, will be determined by our Board of Directors. Any dividends to our stockholders will be declared out of assets legally available for distribution. The specific tax characteristics of our dividends will be reported to shareholders after the end of each calendar year. |
Lock-up Agreements |
We and each of our directors and officers has agreed that, for a period of [ ] days from the date of this Prospectus, such party will not, without the prior written consent of Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., on behalf of the underwriters, offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell or otherwise dispose of or agree to sell or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly or hedge any shares or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares, provided, however, that Oxford Lane Capital may issue and sell shares pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan. Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. in its sole discretion may release any of the securities subject to these lock-up agreements at any time without notice. |
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Taxation |
We intend to elect to be treated for federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually thereafter, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that we distribute to our stockholders as dividends. To obtain and maintain our RIC tax treatment, we must meet specified source-of-income and asset diversification requirements and distribute annually at least 90% of our ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any. See Distributions and Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations. |
Investment Advisory Fees |
We will pay Oxford Lane Management a fee for its services under the Investment Advisory Agreement consisting of two components a base management fee and an incentive fee. The base management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 2.00% of our gross assets, which includes any borrowings for investment purposes. The incentive fee is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears and equals 20.0% of our pre-incentive fee net investment income for the immediately preceding quarter, subject to a preferred return, or hurdle, and a catch up feature. No incentive fees are payable to our investment adviser on any realized capital gains. See Investment Advisory Agreement. |
Administration Agreement |
We will reimburse BDC Partners for our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses it incurs in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including furnishing us with office facilities, equipment and clerical, bookkeeping and record keeping services at such facilities, as well as providing us with other administrative services. In addition, we will reimburse BDC Partners for the fees and expenses associated with performing compliance functions, and our allocable portion of the compensation of our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and any administrative support staff. See Administration Agreement. |
Leverage |
We do not currently anticipate incurring indebtedness on our portfolio or paying any interest during the twelve months following completion of this offering. Although we have no current intention to do so, we may borrow funds to make investments. As a result, we may be exposed to the risks of leverage, which may be considered a speculative investment technique. In addition, the CLO vehicles in which we invest will be leveraged, which will indirectly expose us to the risks of leverage. The use of leverage magnifies the potential for gain and loss on amounts invested and therefore increases the risks associated with investing in our securities. In addition, the costs associated with our borrowings, including any increase in the management fee payable to |
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our investment adviser, Oxford Lane Management, will be borne by our common stockholders. Under the 1940 Act, we are only permitted to incur additional indebtedness to the extent our asset coverage, as defined under the 1940 Act, is at least 300% immediately after each such borrowing. See Regulation as a Registered Closed-End Investment Company. |
Trading |
Shares of closed-end investment companies frequently trade at a discount to their net asset value. The risk that our shares may trade at a discount to our net asset value is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value per share may decline. We cannot predict whether our shares will trade above, at or below net asset value. |
Dividend Reinvestment Plan |
We have adopted an opt out dividend reinvestment plan. If your shares of common stock are registered in your own name, your distributions will automatically be reinvested under our dividend reinvestment plan in additional whole and fractional shares of common stock, unless you opt out of our dividend reinvestment plan so as to receive cash dividends by delivering a written notice to our dividend paying agent. If your shares are held in the name of a broker or other nominee, you should contact the broker or nominee for details regarding opting out of our dividend reinvestment plan. Stockholders who receive distributions in the form of stock will be subject to the same federal, state and local tax consequences as stockholders who elect to receive their distributions in cash. See Dividend Reinvestment Plan. |
Certain Anti-Takeover Measures |
Our charter and bylaws, as well as certain statutory and regulatory requirements, contain certain provisions that may have the effect of discouraging a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us. These anti-takeover provisions may inhibit a change in control in circumstances that could give the holders of our common stock the opportunity to realize a premium over the market price for our common stock. See Description of Securities. |
Available Information |
After the completion of this offering, we will be required to file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. This information will be available at the SECs public reference room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549 and on the SECs website at http://www.sec.gov. The public may obtain information on the operation of the SECs public reference room by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. This information will also be available free of charge by contacting us at Oxford Lane Capital Corp., 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830, by telephone at (203) 983-5275, or on our website at http://www.[ ].com. |
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The following table is intended to assist you in understanding the costs and expenses that you will bear directly or indirectly. We caution you that some of the percentages indicated in the table below are estimates and may vary. Except where the context suggests otherwise, whenever this prospectus contains a reference to fees or expenses paid by us or Oxford Lane Capital, or that we will pay fees or expenses, you will indirectly bear such fees or expenses as an investor in Oxford Lane Capital Corp.
Stockholder transaction expenses: |
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Sales load (as a percentage of offering price) | %(1) | |||
Offering expenses borne by us (as a percentage of offering price) | %(2) | |||
Dividend reinvestment plan expenses | None | (3) | ||
Total stockholder transaction expenses (as a percentage of offering price) | % | |||
Annual expenses (as a percentage of net assets attributable to common stock): |
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Base management fee | 2 | %(4) | ||
Incentive fees payable under our investment advisory agreement | %(5) | |||
Interest payments on borrowed funds | 0.00 | %(6) | ||
Other expenses (estimated) | %(7) | |||
Acquired fund fees and expenses | %(8) | |||
Total annual expenses (estimated) | % |
The following example demonstrates the projected dollar amount of total cumulative expenses that would be incurred over various periods with respect to a hypothetical investment in our common stock. In calculating the following expense amounts, we have assumed that our annual operating expenses would remain at the levels set forth in the table above. See Note 6 below for additional information regarding certain assumptions regarding our level of leverage subsequent to this offering.
1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||||||
You would pay the following expenses on a $1,000 investment, assuming a 5% annual return | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
(1) | The underwriting discounts and commissions (the sales load) with respect to shares sold in this offering, which is a one-time fee, is the only sales load paid in connection with this offering. |
(2) | Amount reflects estimated offering expenses of approximately $ . |
(3) | The expenses of the dividend reinvestment plan are included in other expenses. |
(4) | The above calculation reflects our base management fee as a percentage of our net assets. Our base management fee under the Investment Advisory Agreement, however, is based on our gross assets, which is defined as all the assets of Oxford Lane Capital, including those acquired using borrowings for investment purposes. As a result, to the extent we use leverage, it would have the effect of increasing our base management fee as a percentage of our net assets. See Investment Advisory Agreement. |
(5) | Amount reflects the estimated annual incentive fees payable to our investment adviser, Oxford Lane Management, during our first full year of operations. Based on our current business plan, we anticipate that substantially all of the net proceeds of this offering will be invested within three to nine months depending on the availability of investment opportunities that are consistent with our investment objective and other market conditions. We expect that it will take more than three months to invest all of the proceeds of this offering, in part because equity and junior debt investments in CLO vehicles require substantial due diligence prior to investment. |
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The incentive fee, which is payable quarterly in arrears, equals 20.0% of the excess, if any, of our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income that exceeds a 1.75% quarterly (7.0% annualized) hurdle rate, which we refer to as the Hurdle, subject to a catch-up provision measured at the end of each calendar quarter. The incentive fee is computed and paid on income that may include interest that is accrued but not yet received in cash. The operation of the incentive fee for each quarter is as follows:
| no incentive fee is payable to our investment adviser in any calendar quarter in which our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income does not exceed the Hurdle of 1.75%; |
| 100% of our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income with respect to that portion of such Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income, if any, that exceeds the Hurdle but is less than 2.1875% in any calendar quarter (8.75% annualized) is payable to our investment adviser. We refer to this portion of our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income (which exceeds the Hurdle but is less than 2.1875%) as the catch-up. The catch-up is meant to provide our investment adviser with 20.0% of our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income, as if a Hurdle did not apply when our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income exceeds 2.1875% in any calendar quarter; and |
| 20.0% of the amount of our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income, if any, that exceeds 2.1875% in any calendar quarter (8.75% annualized) is payable to our investment adviser (once the Hurdle is reached and the catch-up is achieved, 20.0% of all Pre-Incentive Fee Investment Income thereafter is allocated to our investment adviser). |
No incentive fee is payable to our investment adviser on realized capital gains. For a more detailed discussion of the calculation of this fee, see Investment Advisory Agreement.
(6) | Assumes that we will refrain from borrowing for investment purposes during our first full year of operations. We do not currently anticipate incurring indebtedness on our portfolio or paying any interest during the twelve months following completion of this offering. Although we have no current intention to do so, we may borrow additional funds to make investments, to the extent we determine that additional capital would allow us to take advantage of additional investment opportunities, if the market for debt financing presents attractively priced debt financing opportunities, or if our Board of Directors determines that leveraging our portfolio would be in our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders. We do not currently anticipate issuing any preferred stock. The costs associated with any borrowing will be indirectly borne by our investors. |
(7) | Other expenses ($ million, including costs and expenses associated with our formation and organization) are based upon estimates of the first full year of operations. |
(8) | Amount reflects the estimated annual fees and expenses incurred by us in connection with our investment in CLO equity instruments during our first full year of operations. Based on our current business plan, we anticipate that substantially all of the net proceeds of this offering will be invested within three to nine months depending on the availability of investment opportunities that are consistent with our investment objective and other market conditions. The foregoing estimate assumes that [ ]% of the net proceeds of this offering are invested in CLO equity investments. As a result of our investment in such CLO equity investments, our stockholders will be required to pay two levels of fees in connection with their investment in our common stock, including fees payable under our Investment Advisory Agreement and fees charged to us on the CLO equity investments in which we are invested. |
The example and the expenses in the tables above should not be considered a representation of our future expenses, and actual expenses may be greater or less than those shown. While the example assumes, as required by the SEC, a 5.0% annual return, our performance will vary and may result in a return greater or less than 5.0%. The incentive fee under the Investment Advisory Agreement, which, assuming a 5% annual return, would either not be payable or would have an insignificant impact on the expense amounts shown above, is not included in the example. Also, while the example assumes reinvestment of all dividends at net asset value, participants in our dividend reinvestment plan will receive a number of shares of our common stock, determined by dividing the total dollar amount of the dividend payable to a participant by the market price per share of our common stock at the close of trading on the dividend payment date, which may be at, above or below net asset value. See Dividend Reinvestment Plan for additional information regarding our dividend reinvestment plan.
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Investing in our common stock involves a number of significant risks. In addition to the other information contained in this prospectus, you should consider carefully the following information before making an investment in our common stock. The risks set out below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or not presently deemed material by us might also impair our operations and performance. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, our net asset value and the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
We are a newly organized, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company with no operating history. Our common stock has no history of public trading. As a result, we have no financial information on which you can evaluate an investment in our company or our prior performance. We are subject to all of the business risks and uncertainties associated with any new business, including the risk that we will not achieve our investment objective and that the value of your investment could decline substantially or become worthless. We anticipate that it may take three to nine months to invest substantially all of the net proceeds of our initial public offering in our targeted investments. During this period, we will invest in temporary investments, such as cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities and other high-quality debt investments that mature in one year or less, which we expect will earn yields substantially lower than the interest or other income that we anticipate receiving in respect of investments in CLO vehicles or other debt securities. As a result, we may not be able to pay any dividends during this period or, if we are able to do so, such dividends may be substantially lower than the dividends that we expect to pay when the proceeds of our initial public offering have been fully invested in accordance with our investment objective.
Under the 1940 Act, we will be required to carry our portfolio investments at market value or, if there is no readily available market value, at fair value as determined by us in accordance with our written valuation policy with our Board of Directors having final responsibility for overseeing, reviewing and approving, in good faith, our estimate of fair value. Typically, there will not be a public market for the type of investments we intend to target. As a result, we will value these securities quarterly at fair value based on input from our investment adviser, third-party pricing services and our Valuation Committee and with the oversight, review and approval of our Board of Directors.
The determination of fair value and, consequently, the amount of unrealized gains and losses in our portfolio, are to a certain degree subjective and dependent on a valuation process approved by our Board of Directors. Certain factors that may be considered in determining the fair value of our investments include available indicative bids or quotations, as well as external events, such as private mergers, sales and acquisitions involving comparable companies. Because such valuations, and particularly valuations of private securities, are inherently uncertain, they may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on estimates. Our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if an active public market for these securities existed. Our determinations of the fair value of our investments have a material impact on our net earnings through the recording of unrealized appreciation or depreciation of investments and may cause our net asset value on a given date to materially understate or overstate the value that we may ultimately realize on one or more of our investments. Investors purchasing our common stock based on an overstated net asset value would pay a higher price than the value of our investments might warrant. Conversely, investors selling shares during a period in which the net asset value understates the value of our investments will receive a lower price for their shares than the value of our investments might warrant.
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Our ability to achieve our investment objective will depend on our ability to effectively manage and deploy capital, which will depend, in turn, on our investment advisers ability to identify, evaluate and monitor, and our ability to acquire, investments that meet our investment criteria.
Accomplishing our investment objective on a cost-effective basis will largely be a function of our investment advisers handling of the investment process, its ability to provide competent, attentive and efficient services and our access to investments offering acceptable terms, either in the primary or secondary markets. Even if we are able to grow and build upon our investment operations, any failure to manage our growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The results of our operations will depend on many factors, including the availability of opportunities for investment, readily accessible short and long-term funding alternatives in the financial markets and economic conditions. Furthermore, if we cannot successfully operate our business or implement our investment policies and strategies as described herein, it could negatively impact our ability to pay dividends.
We will compete for investments with other investment funds (including private equity funds, mezzanine funds and business development companies), as well as traditional financial services companies such as commercial banks, investment banks, finance companies and other sources of funding. Many of our competitors will be substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than us. For example, some competitors may have a lower cost of capital and access to funding sources that will not be available to us, including from federal government agencies through federal rescue programs such as the U.S. Department of Treasurys Financial Stability Plan (formerly known as the Troubled Asset Relief Program). In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments than we will have. These characteristics could allow our competitors to consider a wider variety of investments, establish more relationships and offer higher pricing than we will be willing to offer to potential sellers. We may lose investment opportunities if our competitors are willing to pay more for the types of investments that we intend to target. If we are forced to pay more for our investments, we may not be able to achieve acceptable returns on our investments or may bear substantial risk of capital loss. An increase in the number and/or the size of our competitors in our target markets could force us to accept less attractive investment terms. Furthermore, many of our competitors will have greater experience operating under, or will not be subject to, the regulatory restrictions that the 1940 Act will impose on us as a closed-end management investment company.
We will depend on the diligence, skill and network of business contacts of Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, who will serve as the investment committee of Oxford Lane Management, and who will lead Oxford Lane Managements investment team. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, together with the other senior investment professionals available to Oxford Lane Management, will evaluate, acquire and monitor our investments. Our future success will depend on the continued service of Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal and the other members of Oxford Lane Managements senior investment team. We cannot assure you that unforeseen business, medical, personal or other circumstances would not lead any such individual to terminate his relationship with us. The loss of Mr. Cohen or Mr. Rosenthal, or any of the other senior investment professionals who will serve on Oxford Lane Managements senior investment team, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our investment objective as well as on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we can offer no assurance that Oxford Lane Management will continue indefinitely as our investment adviser.
The members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team are and may in the future become affiliated with entities engaged in business activities similar to those intended to be conducted by us, and may have conflicts of interest in allocating their time. In particular, the members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team, including Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, are currently actively involved in the management
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of the portfolios of TICC Capital Corp., a public-traded business development company that invests principally in the debt of U.S.-based technology-related companies, Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey fund that invests primarily in leveraged corporate loans across a variety of industries globally and T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., a CLO structured finance vehicle that invests in a diversified portfolio of leveraged corporate loans, the assets of which are included in the gross assets of Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited. Neither Messrs. Cohen nor Rosenthal are required to dedicate any specific portion of their time to the activities of Oxford Lane Capital; moreover, they will be engaged in other business activities which will divert their time and attention.
Our growth will require that Oxford Lane Management retain and attract new investment and administrative personnel in a competitive market. Its ability to attract and retain personnel with the requisite credentials, experience and skills will depend on several factors including, but not limited to, its ability to offer competitive wages, benefits and professional growth opportunities. Many of the entities, including investment funds (such as private equity funds and mezzanine funds) and traditional financial services companies, with which it will compete for experienced personnel will have greater resources than it will have.
Oxford Lane Managements investment team presently manages the portfolios of TICC Capital Corp., a public-traded business development company that invests principally in the debt of U.S.-based technology-related companies, Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey fund that invests primarily in leveraged corporate loans across a variety of industries globally, T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., a CLO structured finance vehicle that invests in a diversified portfolio of leveraged corporate loans, the assets of which are included in the gross assets of Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, and Oxford Gate Capital, LLC, a private partnership that invests in a broad range of assets, including the equity and debt of CLOs. In addition, our executive officers and directors, as well as the current and future members of our investment adviser, Oxford Lane Management, may serve as officers, directors or principals of other entities that operate in the same or a related line of business as we do. Accordingly, they may have obligations to investors in those entities, the fulfillment of which obligations may not be in the best interests of us or our stockholders. Each of TICC Capital Corp. Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd. and Oxford Gate Capital, LLC, as well as any affiliated investment vehicle formed in the future and managed by our investment adviser or its affiliates may, notwithstanding different stated investment objectives, have overlapping investment objectives with our own and, accordingly, may invest in asset classes similar to those targeted by us. As a result, Oxford Lane Management may face conflicts in allocating investment opportunities between us and such other entities. Although Oxford Lane Management will endeavor to allocate investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner, it is possible that, in the future, we may not be given the opportunity to participate in investments made by investment funds, including TICC Capital Corp., Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd. and Oxford Gate Capital, LLC, managed by our investment adviser or an investment manager affiliated with our investment adviser. In any such case, when Oxford Lane Managements investment team identifies an investment, it will be required to choose which investment fund should make the investment, although Oxford Lane Management maintains an allocation policy to ensure the equitable distribution of such investment opportunities, consistent with the requirements of the 1940 Act.
In certain instances, we may co-invest on a concurrent basis with affiliates of our investment adviser, subject to compliance with applicable regulations and regulatory guidance and our written allocation procedures.
In addition, we will pay BDC Partners, an affiliate of Oxford Lane Management, our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by BDC Partners in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent, the fees and expenses associated with performing compliance functions, and our allocable portion of the compensation of our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and any administrative support staff. These arrangements will create conflicts of interest that our Board of Directors must monitor. Oxford Lane Management will not be reimbursed for any performance-related compensation of its employees.
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The incentive fee payable by us to Oxford Lane Management may create an incentive for Oxford Lane Management to pursue investments on our behalf that are riskier or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of such compensation arrangement. Such a practice could result in our investing in more speculative securities than would otherwise be the case, which could result in higher investment losses, particularly during economic downturns. The incentive fee payable to our investment adviser will be calculated based on a percentage of our return on invested capital. In addition, our base management fee is calculated on the basis of our gross assets, including assets acquired through the use of leverage. This may encourage our investment adviser to use leverage to increase the aggregate amount of and the return on our investments, even when it may not be appropriate to do so, and to refrain from de-levering when it would otherwise be appropriate to do so. Under certain circumstances, the use of leverage may increase the likelihood of default, which would impair the value of our common stock.
We may invest, to the extent permitted by law, in the securities and other instruments of other investment companies, including private funds, and, to the extent we so invest, will bear our ratable share of any such investment companys expenses, including management and performance fees. We will also remain obligated to pay management and incentive fees to Oxford Lane Management with respect to the assets invested in the securities and other instruments of other investment companies. With respect to each of these investments, each of our stockholders will bear his or her share of the management and incentive fee of Oxford Lane Management as well as indirectly bearing the management and performance fees and other expenses of any investment companies in which we invest.
In the course of our investing activities, we will pay management and incentive fees to Oxford Lane Management and reimburse Oxford Lane Management for certain expenses it incurs. As a result, investors in our common stock will invest on a gross basis and receive distributions on a net basis after expenses, resulting in a lower rate of return than an investor might achieve through direct investments.
Given the structure of our Investment Advisory Agreement with Oxford Lane Management, any general increase in interest rates will likely have the effect of making it easier for Oxford Lane Management to meet the quarterly hurdle rate for payment of income incentive fees under the Investment Advisory Agreement without any additional increase in relative performance on the part of our investment adviser. In addition, in view of the catch-up provision applicable to income incentive fees under the Investment Advisory Agreement, our investment adviser could potentially receive a significant portion of the increase in our investment income attributable to such a general increase in interest rates. If that were to occur, our increase in net earnings, if any, would likely be significantly smaller than the relative increase in our investment advisers income incentive fee resulting from such a general increase in interest rates.
Our investment adviser will have the right, under the Investment Advisory Agreement, to resign at any time upon not more than 60 days written notice, whether we have found a replacement or not. If our investment adviser resigns, we may not be able to find a new investment adviser or hire internal management with similar expertise and ability to provide the same or equivalent services on acceptable terms within 60 days, or at all. If we are unable to do so quickly, our operations are likely to experience a disruption, our financial condition, business and results of operations as well as our ability to pay distributions are likely to be adversely affected and the market price of our shares may decline. In addition, the coordination of our internal management and investment activities is likely to suffer if we are unable to identify and reach an agreement with a single institution or group of executives having the expertise possessed by our investment adviser and its affiliates. Even if we are able to retain comparable management, whether internal or external,
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the integration of such management and their lack of familiarity with our investment objective may result in additional costs and time delays that may adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.
Although Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal have experience managing other investment portfolios, including those of TICC Capital Corp., a publicly traded business development company that invests principally in the debt of U.S.-based technology-related companies, Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey fund that invests primarily in leveraged corporate loans across a variety of industries globally, and T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., a CLO structured finance vehicle that invests in a diversified portfolio of leveraged corporate loans, the assets of which are included in the gross assets of Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, their track record and prior achievements are not necessarily indicative of future results that will be achieved by our investment adviser. We cannot assure you that we will be able to achieve the results realized by other vehicles managed by Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, including TICC Capital Corp., Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited and T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd.
Although we have no current intention to do so, we may in the future issue debt securities or preferred stock and/or borrow money from banks or other financial institutions, which we refer to collectively as senior securities, up to the maximum amount permitted by the 1940 Act. Under the provisions of the 1940 Act, we will be permitted, as a registered closed-end management investment company, to issue senior securities in amounts such that our asset coverage ratio, as defined in the 1940 Act, equals at least 300% of gross assets less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, after each issuance of senior securities. If the value of our assets declines, we may be unable to satisfy this test. If that happens, we may be required to sell a portion of our investments and, depending on the nature of our leverage, repay a portion of our indebtedness at a time when such sales may be disadvantageous. Also, any amounts that we use to service our indebtedness would not be available for distributions to our common stockholders. Furthermore, as a result of issuing senior securities, we would also be exposed to typical risks associated with leverage, including an increased risk of loss. If we issue preferred stock, the preferred stock would rank senior to common stock in our capital structure, preferred stockholders would have separate voting rights on certain matters and might have other rights, preferences, or privileges more favorable than those of our common stockholders, and the issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in your best interest.
We will not generally be able to issue and sell our common stock at a price below net asset value per share. We may, however, sell our common stock at a price below the then-current net asset value per share of our common stock if our Board of Directors determines that such sale is in the best interests of Oxford Lane Capital and its stockholders, and our stockholders approve such sale. In any such case, the price at which our securities are to be issued and sold may not be less than a price that, in the determination of our Board of Directors, closely approximates the market value of such securities (less any distributing commission or discount). If we raise additional funds by issuing more common stock, then the percentage ownership of our stockholders at that time will decrease, and you may experience dilution.
The use of leverage magnifies the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and, therefore, increases the risks associated with investing in our securities. Although we have no current intention to do so, we may borrow from and issue senior debt securities to banks, insurance companies and other lenders in the future. Holders of these senior securities will have fixed dollar claims on our assets that are superior to
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the claims of our common stockholders, and we would expect such lenders to seek recovery against our assets in the event of a default. If the value of our assets decreases, leveraging would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any decrease in our income would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Such a decline could also negatively affect our ability to make dividend payments on our common stock. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique. Our ability to service any debt that we incur will depend largely on our financial performance and will be subject to prevailing economic conditions and competitive pressures. Moreover, as the management fee payable to our investment adviser, Oxford Lane Management, will be payable based on our gross assets, including those assets acquired through the use of leverage, Oxford Lane Management will have a financial incentive to incur leverage which may not be consistent with our stockholders interests. In addition, our common stockholders will bear the burden of any increase in our expenses as a result of leverage, including any increase in the management fee payable to Oxford Lane Management.
As a registered closed-end management investment company, we will generally be required to meet an asset coverage ratio, defined under the 1940 Act as the ratio of our gross assets (less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities) to our outstanding senior securities, of at least 300% after each issuance of senior securities. If this ratio declines below 300%, we may not be able to incur additional debt and could be required by law to sell a portion of our investments to repay some debt when it is disadvantageous to do so, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, and we may not be able to make distributions. The amount of leverage that we employ will depend on our investment advisers and our Board of Directors assessment of market and other factors at the time of any proposed borrowing. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain credit at all or on terms acceptable to us.
In addition, any debt facility into which we may enter would likely impose financial and operating covenants that restrict our business activities, including limitations that could hinder our ability to finance additional loans and investments or to make the distributions required to maintain our status as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code.
We could experience fluctuations in our quarterly operating results due to a number of factors, including our ability or inability to make investments that meet our investment criteria, the interest rate payable on the debt securities we acquire, the level of portfolio dividend and fee income, the level of our expenses, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which we encounter competition in our markets and general economic conditions. As a result of these factors, results for any period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods.
Under Maryland General Corporation Law and our charter, our Board of Directors will be authorized to classify and reclassify any authorized but unissued shares of stock into one or more classes of stock, including preferred stock. Prior to issuance of shares of each class or series, the Board of Directors will be required by Maryland law and our charter to set the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for each class or series. Thus, the Board of Directors could authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions which could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. The cost of any such reclassification would be borne by our common stockholders. Certain matters under the 1940 Act require the separate vote of the holders of any issued and outstanding preferred stock. For example, holders of preferred stock would vote separately from the holders of common stock on a proposal to cease operations as a registered closed-end management investment company. In addition, the 1940 Act provides that holders of preferred stock are entitled to vote separately from holders of common stock to elect two preferred stock directors. We currently have no plans to issue preferred stock. These effects, among others, could have an adverse effect on your investment in our common stock.
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Our Board of Directors will have the authority to modify or waive our current operating policies, investment criteria and strategies, other than those that we have deemed to be fundamental, without prior notice and without stockholder approval. We cannot predict the effect any changes to our current operating policies, investment criteria and strategies would have on our business, net asset value, operating results and value of our stock. However, the effects might be adverse, which could negatively impact our ability to pay you dividends and cause you to lose all or part of your investment.
Although we intend to elect to be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code for 2010 and succeeding tax years, no assurance can be given that we will be able to qualify for and maintain RIC status. To obtain and maintain RIC tax treatment under the Code, we must meet the following annual distribution, income source and asset diversification requirements.
The annual distribution requirement for a RIC will be satisfied if we distribute to our stockholders on an annual basis at least 90% of our net ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any. Because we may use debt financing, we are subject to certain asset coverage ratio requirements under the 1940 Act and financial covenants under loan and credit agreements that could, under certain circumstances, restrict us from making distributions necessary to satisfy the distribution requirement. If we are unable to obtain cash from other sources, we could fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level income tax.
The income source requirement will be satisfied if we obtain at least 90% of our income for each year from dividends, interest, gains from the sale of stock or securities or similar sources.
The asset diversification requirement will be satisfied if we meet certain asset diversification requirements at the end of each quarter of our taxable year. Failure to meet those requirements may result in our having to dispose of certain investments quickly in order to prevent the loss of RIC status. Because most of our investments will be in CLO vehicles for which there will likely be no active public market, any such dispositions could be made at disadvantageous prices and could result in substantial losses.
If we fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment for any reason and remain or become subject to corporate income tax, the resulting corporate taxes could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distribution and the amount of our distributions.
We intend to make distributions on a quarterly basis to our stockholders out of assets legally available for distribution. We cannot assure you that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in cash distributions. In addition, due to the asset coverage test applicable to us as a registered closed-end management investment company, we may be limited in our ability to make distributions. See Regulation as a Registered Closed-End Management Investment Company.
For federal income tax purposes, we will include in income certain amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as original issue discount, which may arise if we acquire a debt security at a significant discount to par. Such original issue discounts will be included in income before we receive any corresponding cash payments. We also may be required to include in income certain other amounts that we will not receive in cash.
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Since, in certain cases, we may recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income, we may have difficulty meeting the annual distribution requirement necessary to maintain RIC tax treatment under the Code. In addition, since our incentive fee is payable on our income recognized, rather than cash received, we may be required to pay advisory fees on income before or without receiving cash representing such income. Accordingly, we may have to sell some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or forgo new investment opportunities for this purpose. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level income tax. For additional discussion regarding the tax implications of a RIC, please see Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations Taxation as a Regulated Investment Company.
We may distribute taxable dividends that are payable, in part, in our stock. Under a recently issued IRS revenue procedure, up to 90% of any such taxable dividend for taxable years ending prior to 2012 could be payable in our stock. Taxable stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as ordinary income (or as long-term capital gain to the extent such distribution is properly designated as a capital gain dividend) to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for United States federal income tax purposes. As a result, a U.S. stockholder may be required to pay tax with respect to such dividends in excess of any cash received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our stock.
We, the CLO vehicles in which we intend to invest, and the borrowers whose debt securities are held by such CLO vehicles will be subject to applicable local, state and federal laws and regulations, including, without limitation, federal immigration laws and regulations. New legislation may be enacted or new interpretations, rulings or regulations could be adopted, including those governing the types of investments we are permitted to make, any of which could harm us and our stockholders, potentially with retroactive effect. Additionally, any changes to the laws and regulations governing our operations may cause us to alter our investment strategy in order to avail ourselves of new or different opportunities. Such changes could result in material differences to the strategies and plans set forth herein and may result in our investment focus shifting from the areas of expertise of our investment advisers senior investment team to other types of investments in which the investment team may have less expertise or little or no experience. Thus, any such changes, if they occur, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.
As a publicly traded company, we will incur legal, accounting and other expenses, including costs associated with the periodic reporting requirements applicable to a company whose securities are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as well as additional corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and other rules implemented by the SEC.
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As a registered closed-end management investment company, we will have to maintain our ability to raise additional capital for investment purposes. Without sufficient access to the capital markets or credit markets, we may be forced to curtail our business operations or we may not be able to pursue new business opportunities. Since the middle of 2007, the capital markets and the credit markets have been experiencing extreme volatility and disruption and, accordingly, there has been and will continue to be uncertainty in the financial markets in general. Ongoing disruptive conditions in the financial industry and the impact of new legislation in response to those conditions could restrict our business operations and could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Further, a prolonged period of market illiquidity may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If the fair value of our assets declines substantially, we may fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios imposed upon us by the 1940 Act. Any such failure would affect our ability to issue senior securities, including borrowings, and pay dividends, which could materially impair our business operations. Our liquidity could be impaired further by an inability to access the capital markets or to obtain debt financing. For example, we cannot be certain that we would be able to obtain borrowing facilities on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Reflecting concern about the stability of the financial markets, many lenders and institutional investors have reduced or ceased providing funding to borrowers. This market turmoil and tightening of credit have led to increased market volatility and widespread reduction of business activity generally.
If we are unable to access the capital markets or obtain debt financing on commercially reasonable terms, our liquidity will be reduced significantly. If we are unable to repay amounts outstanding under any borrowing facility we may in the future obtain, and are declared in default or are unable to renew or refinance any such facility, we would not be able to initiate significant originations or to operate our business in the normal course. These situations may arise due to circumstances that we may be unable to control, such as inaccessibility to the credit markets, a severe decline in the value of the U.S. dollar, a further economic downturn or an operational problem that affects third parties or us, and could materially damage our business. Moreover, we are unable to predict when economic and market conditions may become more favorable. Even if such conditions improve broadly and significantly over the long term, adverse conditions in particular sectors of the financial markets could adversely impact our business.
We are classified as non-diversified under the 1940 Act. As a result, we can invest a greater portion of our assets in obligations of a single issuer than a diversified fund. We may therefore be more susceptible than a diversified fund to being adversely affected by any single corporate, economic, political or regulatory occurrence. We intend to qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code, and thus we intend to satisfy the diversification requirements of Subchapter M, including its less stringent diversification requirements that apply to the percentage of our total assets that are represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and certain other securities.
Our charter and bylaws, as well as certain statutory and regulatory requirements, contain certain provisions that may have the effect of discouraging a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us. These anti-takeover provisions may inhibit a change of control in circumstances that could give the holders of our common stock the opportunity to realize a premium over the market price for our common stock.
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Terrorist acts, acts of war or natural disasters may disrupt our operations, as well as the operations of the businesses in which we intend to invest. Such acts have created, and continue to create, economic and political uncertainties and have contributed to global economic instability. Future terrorist activities, military or security operations, or natural disasters could further weaken the domestic/global economies and create additional uncertainties, which may negatively impact the businesses in which we invest either directly or indirectly and, in turn, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. Losses from terrorist attacks and natural disasters are generally uninsurable.
We intend to initially invest principally in equity and junior debt tranches issued by CLO vehicles. Generally, there may be less information available to us regarding the underlying debt investments held by such CLO vehicles than if we had invested directly in the debt of the underlying companies. As a result, our stockholders will not know the details of the underlying securities of the CLO vehicles in which we will invest. Our CLO investments will also be subject to the risk of leverage associated with the debt issued by such CLOs and the repayment priority of senior debt holders in such CLO vehicles.
Our portfolio may hold investments in a limited number of CLO vehicles. Beyond the asset diversification requirements associated with our qualification as a RIC under the Code, we will not have fixed guidelines for diversification, and our investments may be concentrated in relatively few CLO vehicles. As our portfolio is less diversified than the portfolios of some larger funds, we are more susceptible to failure if one or more of the CLO vehicles in which we are invested experiences a high level of defaults on its underlying leveraged corporate loans. Similarly, the aggregate returns we realize may be significantly adversely affected if a small number of investments perform poorly or if we need to write down the value of any one investment.
The CLO vehicles in which we invest may have leveraged corporate loan portfolios that are concentrated in a limited number of industries or borrowers. A downturn in any particular industry or borrower in which a CLO vehicle is heavily invested may subject that vehicle, and in turn us, to a risk of significant loss and could significantly impact the aggregate returns we realize. If an industry in which a CLO vehicle is heavily invested suffers from adverse business or economic conditions, a material portion of our investment in that CLO vehicle could be affected adversely, which, in turn, could adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
We intend to invest primarily in equity and junior debt tranches issued by CLO vehicles. As a result, the CLO vehicles in which we will invest will issue and sell or have already issued and sold debt tranches that will rank senior to the tranches in which we will invest. By their terms, such tranches may entitle the holders to receive payment of interest or principal on or before the dates on which we are entitled to receive payments with respect to the tranches in which we invest. Also, in the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a CLO vehicle, holders of senior debt instruments would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before we receive any distribution. After repaying such senior creditors, such CLO
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vehicle may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying its obligation to us. In the case of tranches ranking equally with the tranches in which we will invest, we would have to share on an equal basis any distributions with other creditors holding such securities in the event of an insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of the relevant CLO vehicle. Therefore, we may not receive back the full amount of our investment in a CLO vehicle.
The failure by a CLO vehicle in which we invest to satisfy financial covenants, including with respect to adequate collateralization and/or interest coverage tests, could lead to a reduction in its payments to us. In the event that a CLO vehicle fails certain tests, senior debt holders may be entitled to additional payments that would, in turn, reduce the payments we would otherwise be entitled to receive. Separately, we may incur expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms, which may include the waiver of certain financial covenants, with a defaulting CLO vehicle or any other investment we may make. If any of these occur, it could materially and adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.
Our portfolio will consist primarily of equity and junior debt investments in CLO vehicles, which involves a number of significant risks. CLO vehicles are typically very highly levered (10-14 times), and therefore the junior debt and equity tranches that we will invest in are subject to a higher degree of risk of total loss. In particular, investors in CLO vehicles indirectly bear risks of the underlying debt investments held by such CLO vehicles. We will generally have the right to receive payments only from the CLO vehicles, and will generally not have direct rights against the underlying borrowers or the entity that sponsored the CLO vehicle. While the CLO vehicles we intend to initially target generally enable the investor to acquire interests in a pool of leveraged corporate loans without the expenses associated with directly holding the same investments, we will generally pay a proportionate share of the CLO vehicles administrative and other expenses. Although it is difficult to predict whether the prices of indices and securities underlying CLO vehicles will rise or fall, these prices (and, therefore, the prices of the CLO vehicles) will be influenced by the same types of political and economic events that affect issuers of securities and capital markets generally.
The interests we intend to acquire in CLO vehicles will likely be thinly traded or have only a limited trading market. CLO vehicles are typically privately offered and sold, even in the secondary market. As a result, investments in CLO vehicles may be characterized as illiquid securities. In addition to the general risks associated with investing in debt securities, CLO vehicles carry additional risks, including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default; (iii) the fact that our investments in CLO tranches will likely be subordinate to other senior classes or tranches thereof; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the CLO vehicle or unexpected investment results.
Investments in structured vehicles, including equity and junior debt instruments issued by CLO vehicles, involve risks, including credit risk and market risk. Changes in interest rates and credit quality may cause significant price fluctuations. Additionally, changes in the underlying leveraged corporate loans held by a CLO vehicle may cause payments on the instruments we hold to be reduced, either temporarily or permanently. Structured investments, particularly the subordinated interests in which we intend to invest, are less liquid than many other types of securities and more volatile than the leveraged corporate loans underlying the CLO vehicles we intend to target.
Investment Risk. An investment in our common stock is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of your entire investment. An investment in our common stock represents an indirect investment in the portfolio of equity and junior tranches issued by CLO vehicles and other securities owned by us, and the value of these securities may fluctuate, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. At any point in time an
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investment in our common stock may be worth less than the original amount invested, even after taking into account distributions paid by us and the ability of shareholders to reinvest dividends. Because of their security features, we believe that certain leveraged corporate loans that are experiencing, or are more likely to experience financial difficulty may represent attractive investment opportunities. We may invest in certain leveraged corporate loans of borrowers that have filed for bankruptcy protection. Because of the security provided in certain leveraged corporate loans, we believe that we may be able to recover more of our investment in certain defaulted leveraged corporate loans than would be the case for some other types of defaulted debt securities. Nevertheless, there is no assurance that the sale of collateral (which was pledged against the leveraged loan) would raise enough cash to satisfy the borrowers obligation or that the collateral can or will be liquidated.
Market Risk. Market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices and includes interest rate risk, foreign currency risk and other price risks, such as index price risk. We may use derivative instruments to hedge the investment portfolio against currency risks. Our investments in CLO vehicles will typically have no significant assets other than the collateral. Accordingly, payments on the equity and junior debt instruments we intend to initially target are payable solely from the cash flows from the collateral, net of all management fees and other expenses. Payments to us as a holder of equity or junior debt instruments will only be made after payments due on any outstanding senior debt tranches have been made in full.
Rating Risk. Rating agencies, including Moodys and Standard and Poors, have and may continue to downgrade the tranches of CLO vehicles that we are targeting and, therefore, these investments may be seen as riskier than they were previously thought to be. We cannot assure you that the CLO vehicles in which we invest, or the tranches of those CLO vehicles that we hold, will not experience downgrades. To the extent our portfolio experiences such downgrades, the value of our investments, and our ability to liquidate such investments, would likely be impaired. A significant impairment of any of our investments may have a material adverse effect on our financial results and operations.
Interest Rate Risk. Our investments will principally be focused on investments in equity and junior debt tranches issued by CLO vehicles. Our investments will have some exposure to interest rate risk, but we expect that most of the CLO vehicles in which we will invest will have both portfolio assets and debt obligations with similar floating-rate exposure. As a result, we expect to have less significant interest rate-related fluctuations in our net asset value per share than investment companies investing primarily in fixed income securities. When interest rates decline, the value of a fixed income portfolio can normally be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a fixed income portfolio can normally be expected to decline. Currently, LIBOR rates are at historic lows. Although the income available to us will vary, we expect that our acquisition of interests in CLO vehicles may minimize fluctuations in our net asset value resulting from changes in market interest rates.
However, because floating or variable rates only reset periodically, changes in prevailing interest rates can be expected to cause some fluctuations in our net asset value. Similarly, a sudden and significant increase in market interest rates may cause a decline in our net asset value. In addition, any debt instruments that allow the borrower to opt between LIBOR-based interest rates and interest rates based on bank prime rates may have an impact on our net asset value. A material decline in our net asset value may impair our ability to maintain required levels of asset coverage, to the extent we elect to use debt to finance investments.
Credit Risk. Credit risk is the risk that one or more investments in a portfolio will decline in price or fail to pay interest or principal when due because the issuer of the security experiences a decline in its financial condition. While a senior position in the capital structure of a corporate borrower may provide some protection to the CLO vehicles in which we intend to invest, losses or other reductions in collateral may still occur in the portfolios of such CLO vehicles because the market value of such loans is affected by the creditworthiness of borrowers and by general economic and specific industry conditions. As we intend to invest in equity and junior debt tranches of CLO vehicles, we will be exposed to a greater amount of credit risk than a fund which invests in senior debt or other investment grade securities. The prices of primarily non-investment grade securities are more sensitive to negative developments, such as a decline in a CLO vehicles collateral or cash flows or a general economic downturn, than are the prices of more senior debt
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securities. Securities of below investment grade quality are predominantly speculative with respect to the issuers capacity to pay interest and repay principal when due and therefore involve a greater risk of default. We will typically be in a first loss or subordinated position with respect to realized losses on the collateral of each investment we make in a CLO vehicle. The leveraged nature of the CLO vehicle, in particular, magnifies the adverse impact of collateral defaults. In addition, we may purchase participations in leveraged corporate loans. Such participations have rights that are more limited than the rights provided under assignments. In a participation the contractual relationship is typically with the lender selling the participation, but not with the borrower. As a result, a participant assumes the credit risk of the lender selling the participation in addition to the credit risk of the borrower. In the event of the insolvency of the lender selling the participation, a participant may be treated as a general creditor of the lender and may not have a senior claim to the lenders interest in the leveraged loan.
Liquidity Risk. Liquidity risk is defined as the risk that we may not be able to settle or meet our obligations on time or at a reasonable price. We may invest up to 100% of our portfolio in securities that are considered illiquid. Illiquid securities are securities which cannot be sold within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the value used by us in determining our net asset value. We may not be able to readily dispose of such securities at prices that approximate those at which we could sell such securities if they were more widely-traded and, as a result of such illiquidity, we may have to sell other investments or engage in borrowing transactions to raise cash to meet our obligations. Limited liquidity can also affect the market price of securities, thereby adversely affecting our net asset value and ability to make dividend distributions. Some instruments issued by CLO vehicles may not readily marketable and may be subject to restrictions on resale. Securities issued by CLO vehicles are generally not listed on any U.S. national securities exchange and no active trading market may exist for the securities in which we will invest. Although a secondary market may exist for our investments, the market for our investments may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods. As a result, these types of investments may be more difficult to value. In addition, we believe that ownership of CLO equity and junior debt instruments has generally been distributed across a wide range of holders, some of whom we believe may continue to face near- to intermediate-term liquidity issues. Further, we believe that larger institutional investors with sufficient resources to source, analyze and negotiate the purchase of these assets may refrain from purchases of the size that we are targeting, thereby reducing the prospective investor population, which would limit our ability to sell our position in a CLO vehicle if we choose to or need to do so. We have no limitation on the amount of our assets which may be invested in securities that are not readily marketable or are subject to restrictions on resale. Further, leveraged corporate loans generally are not listed on any national securities exchange or automated quotation system and no active trading market exists for many leveraged corporate loans. As a result, many leveraged corporate loans are illiquid, meaning that we may not be able to sell them quickly at a fair price. The market for illiquid securities is more volatile than the market for liquid securities.
Our investment strategy involves investments in securities issued by foreign entities, including foreign CLO vehicles. Investing in foreign entities may expose us to additional risks not typically associated with investing in U.S. issues. These risks include changes in exchange control regulations, political and social instability, expropriation, imposition of foreign taxes, less liquid markets and less available information than is generally the case in the United States, higher transaction costs, less government supervision of exchanges, brokers and issuers, less developed bankruptcy laws, difficulty in enforcing contractual obligations, lack of uniform accounting and auditing standards and greater price volatility. Further, we, and the CLO vehicles in which we invest, may have difficulty enforcing creditors rights in foreign jurisdictions. In addition, the underlying companies of the CLO vehicles in which we invest may be foreign, which may create greater exposure for us to foreign economic developments.
Although we expect that most of our investments will be U.S. dollar-denominated, any investments denominated in a foreign currency will be subject to the risk that the value of a particular currency will change in relation to one or more other currencies. Among the factors that may affect currency values are trade balances, the level of short-term interest rates, differences in relative values of similar assets in different
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currencies, long-term opportunities for investment and capital appreciation, and political developments. We may employ hedging techniques to minimize these risks, but we can offer no assurance that we will, in fact, hedge currency risk, or that if we do, such strategies will be effective.
If we engage in hedging transactions, we may expose ourselves to risks associated with such transactions. We may utilize instruments such as forward contracts, currency options and interest rate swaps, caps, collars and floors to seek to hedge against fluctuations in the relative values of our portfolio positions from changes in currency exchange rates and market interest rates. Hedging against a decline in the values of our portfolio positions does not eliminate the possibility of fluctuations in the values of such positions or prevent losses if the values of such positions decline. However, such hedging can establish other positions designed to gain from those same developments, thereby offsetting the decline in the value of such portfolio positions. Such hedging transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the values of the underlying portfolio positions increase. It may not be possible to hedge against an exchange rate or interest rate fluctuation that is so generally anticipated that we are not able to enter into a hedging transaction at an acceptable price. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, we may not seek to establish a perfect correlation between such hedging instruments and the portfolio holdings being hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended hedge and expose us to risk of loss. In addition, it may not be possible to hedge fully or perfectly against currency fluctuations affecting the value of securities denominated in non-U.S. currencies because the value of those securities is likely to fluctuate as a result of factors not related to currency fluctuations.
As a registered closed-end management investment company, we will be required to carry our investments at market value or, if no market value is ascertainable, at the fair value as determined in good faith by our Board of Directors. Decreases in the market values or fair values of our investments will be recorded as unrealized depreciation. Any unrealized losses in our portfolio could be an indication of an issuers inability to meet its repayment obligations to us with respect to the affected investments. This could result in realized losses in the future and ultimately in reductions of our income available for distribution in future periods.
We anticipate that the CLO vehicles in which we invest may constitute passive foreign investment companies (PFICs). If we acquire shares in a PFIC (including equity tranche investments in CLO vehicles that are PFICs), we may be subject to federal income tax on a portion of any excess distribution or gain from the disposition of such shares even if such income is distributed as a taxable dividend by us to our stockholders. Certain elections may be available to mitigate or eliminate such tax on excess distributions, but such elections (if available) will generally require us to recognize our share of the PFICs income for each year regardless of whether we receive any distributions from such PFICs. We must nonetheless distribute such income to maintain our status as a RIC.
If we hold more than 10% of the shares in a foreign corporation that is treated as a controlled foreign corporation (CFC) (including equity tranche investments in a CLO vehicle treated as a CFC), we may be treated as receiving a deemed distribution (taxable as ordinary income) each year from such foreign corporation in an amount equal to our pro rata share of the corporations income for the tax year (including both ordinary earnings and capital gains). If we are required to include such deemed distributions from a CFC in our income, we will be required to distribute such income to maintain our RIC status regardless of whether or not the CFC makes an actual distribution during such year.
If we are required to include amounts in income prior to receiving distributions representing such income, we may have to sell some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or forgo new investment opportunities for this purpose. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to
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corporate-level income tax. For additional discussion regarding the tax implications of a RIC, see Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations Taxation as a Regulated Investment Company.
Before our initial public offering, there will be no public trading market for our common stock, and we cannot assure you that one will develop or be sustained after our initial public offering. We cannot predict the prices at which our common stock will trade. The initial public offering price for our common stock will be determined through our negotiations with the underwriters and may not bear any relationship to the market price at which it may trade after our initial public offering. Shares of closed-end management investment companies offered in an initial public offering often trade at a discount to the initial public offering price due to sales loads, including underwriting discounts, and related offering expenses. In addition, shares of closed-end management investment companies have in the past frequently traded at discounts to their net asset values and our stock may also be discounted in the market. This characteristic of closed-end management investment companies is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value per share may decline. We cannot predict whether shares of our common stock will trade above, at or below our net asset value. The risk of loss associated with this characteristic of closed-end management investment companies may be greater for investors expecting to sell shares of common stock purchased in the offering soon after the offering. In addition, if our common stock trades below its net asset value, we will generally not be able to sell additional shares of our common stock to the public at its market price without first obtaining the approval of our stockholders (including our unaffiliated stockholders) and our independent directors for such issuance.
The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially. The price of our common stock that will prevail in the market after our initial public offering may be higher or lower than the price you pay, depending on many factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be directly related to our operating performance. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
| price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; |
| investor demand for our shares; |
| significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of securities of registered closed-end management investment companies or other companies in our sector, which are not necessarily related to the operating performance of these companies; |
| changes in regulatory policies or tax guidelines with respect to RICs or registered closed-end management investment companies; |
| failure to qualify as a RIC, or the loss of RIC status; |
| any shortfall in revenue or net income or any increase in losses from levels expected by investors or securities analysts; |
| changes, or perceived changes, in the value of our portfolio investments; |
| departures of any members of Oxford Lane Managements senior investment team; |
| operating performance of companies comparable to us; or |
| general economic conditions and trends and other external factors. |
In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a companys securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Due to the potential volatility of our stock price once a market for our stock is established, we may become the target of securities litigation in the future. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert managements attention and resources from our business.
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We currently anticipate that substantially all of the net proceeds of our initial public offering will be invested in accordance with our investment objective within three to nine months after the consummation of this offering. We cannot assure you, however, that we will be able to locate a sufficient number of suitable investment opportunities to allow us to successfully deploy substantially all of the net proceeds of our initial public offering in that timeframe. To the extent we are unable to invest substantially all of the net proceeds of our initial public offering within our contemplated timeframe after the completion of our initial public offering, our investment income, and in turn our results of operations, will likely be materially adversely affected.
We will have significant flexibility in applying the proceeds of our initial public offering and may use the net proceeds from our initial public offering in ways with which you may not agree, or for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of our initial public offering. We will also pay operating expenses, and may pay other expenses such as due diligence expenses of potential new investments, from net proceeds. Our ability to achieve our investment objective may be limited to the extent that net proceeds of our initial public offering, pending full investment, are used to pay operating expenses.
The Maryland General Corporation Law and our charter and bylaws contain provisions that may discourage, delay or make more difficult a change in control of Oxford Lane Capital or the removal of our directors. We are subject to the Maryland Business Combination Act, subject to any applicable requirements of the 1940 Act. Our Board of Directors has adopted a resolution exempting from the Business Combination Act any business combination between us and any other person, subject to prior approval of such business combination by our Board of Directors, including approval by a majority of our independent Directors. If the resolution exempting business combinations is repealed or our Board of Directors does not approve a business combination, the Business Combination Act may discourage third parties from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating such an offer. Our bylaws exempt from the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act acquisitions of our stock by any person. If we amend our bylaws to repeal the exemption from the Control Share Acquisition Act, the Control Share Acquisition Act also may make it more difficult for a third party to obtain control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating such a transaction.
We have also adopted measures that may make it difficult for a third party to obtain control of us, including provisions of our charter classifying our Board of Directors in three classes serving staggered three-year terms, and authorizing our Board of Directors to classify or reclassify shares of our stock in one or more classes or series, to cause the issuance of additional shares of our stock, to amend our charter without stockholder approval and to increase or decrease the number of shares of stock that we have authority to issue. These provisions, as well as other provisions of our charter and bylaws, may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.
Our net asset value as of , 2010 was $[ ], or approximately $[ ] per share. After giving effect to the sale of [ ] million shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed public offering price of $[ ] per share, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $[ ] million and estimated offering expenses of approximately $[ ] million payable by us, the as adjusted net asset value of Oxford Lane Capital is expected to be approximately $[ ] million, or approximately $[ ] per share, representing an immediate decrease in net asset value of $[ ] per share to shares sold in this offering. Accordingly, assuming an initial offering price of $[ ] per share, investors purchasing shares in this offering would pay a price per share of common stock that exceeds the net asset value per share of common stock after this offering by $[ ] and will bear the costs of the underwriting discount and, indirectly, other offering expenses.
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This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about Oxford Lane Capital Corp., our current and prospective portfolio investments, our industry, our beliefs, and our assumptions. Words such as anticipates, expects, intends, plans, will, may, continue, believes, seeks, estimates, would, could, should, targets, projects, and variations of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control and difficult to predict and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in the forward-looking statements, including without limitation:
| an economic downturn could impair the ability of a CLO vehicles portfolio companies to continue to operate, which could lead to the loss of some or all of our investment in such CLO vehicle; |
| a contraction of available credit and/or an inability to access the equity markets could impair our investment activities; |
| interest rate volatility could adversely affect our results, particularly if we elect to use leverage as part of our investment strategy; |
| currency fluctuations could adversely affect the results of our investments in foreign companies, particularly to the extent that we receive payments denominated in foreign currency rather than U.S. dollars; and |
| the risks, uncertainties and other factors we identify in Risk Factors and elsewhere in this prospectus and in our filings with the SEC. |
Although we believe that the assumptions on which these forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove to be inaccurate, and as a result, the forward-looking statements based on those assumptions also could be inaccurate. In light of these and other uncertainties, the inclusion of a projection or forward-looking statement in this prospectus should not be regarded as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved. These risks and uncertainties include those described or identified in Risk Factors and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this prospectus.
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We estimate that the net proceeds we will receive from the sale of [ ] shares of our common stock in this offering will be approximately $[ ], or approximately $[ ] if the underwriters over-allotment option is exercised in full, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses of approximately $[ ] payable by us.
We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering for acquiring investments in accordance with our investment objective and strategies described in this prospectus and for general working capital purposes. We will also pay operating expenses, including advisory and administrative fees and expenses, and may pay other expenses such as due diligence expenses of potential new investments, from the net proceeds of this offering. We anticipate that substantially all of the net proceeds of this offering will be used for the above purposes within three to nine months from the consummation of this offering, depending on the availability of appropriate investment opportunities consistent with our investment objective and market conditions. We cannot assure you we will achieve our targeted investment pace.
Pending such investments, we will invest the net proceeds primarily in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities and other high-quality investments that mature in one year or less from the date of investment. The management fee payable by us will not be reduced while our assets are invested in such securities. See Regulation as a Closed-End Investment Company Temporary Investments for additional information about temporary investments we may make while waiting to make longer-term investments in pursuit of our investment objective.
To the extent that we have income available, we intend to distribute quarterly dividends to our stockholders, beginning with our first full quarter after the completion of this offering. Our quarterly dividends, if any, will be determined by our Board of Directors. Any dividends to our stockholders will be declared out of assets legally available for distribution.
We intend to elect to be treated, and intend to qualify annually thereafter, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code beginning with our 2010 taxable year. To obtain and maintain RIC tax treatment, we must, among other things, distribute at least 90% of our ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any. In order to avoid certain excise taxes imposed on RICs, we currently intend to distribute during each calendar year an amount at least equal to the sum of: (1) 98% of our ordinary income for the calendar year; (2) 98% of our capital gains in excess of capital losses for the one-year period ending on October 31 of the calendar year; and, (3) any ordinary income and net capital gains for preceding years that were not distributed during such years and on which we paid no federal income tax. In addition, although we currently intend to distribute realized net capital gains (i.e., net long term capital gains in excess of short term capital losses), if any, at least annually, we may in the future decide to retain such capital gains for investment and elect to treat such gains as deemed distributions to you. If this happens, you will be treated as if you had received an actual distribution of the capital gains we retain and reinvested the net after tax proceeds in us. In this situation, you would be eligible to claim a tax credit (or, in certain circumstances, a tax refund) equal to your allocable share of the tax we paid on the capital gains deemed distributed to you. See Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations. We can offer no assurance that we will achieve results that will permit the payment of any cash distributions and, to the extent that we issue senior securities, we will be prohibited from making distributions if doing so causes us to fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios stipulated by the 1940 Act or if distributions are limited by the terms of any of our borrowings.
Our current intention is to make any distributions in additional shares of our common stock under our dividend reinvestment plan out of assets legally available therefore, unless you elect to receive your dividends and/or long-term capital gains distributions in cash. See Dividend Reinvestment Plan. If you hold shares in the name of a broker or financial intermediary, you should contact the broker or financial intermediary regarding your election to receive distributions in cash. We can offer no assurance that we will achieve results that will permit the payment of any cash distributions and, if we issue senior securities, we will be prohibited from making distributions if doing so causes us to fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios stipulated by the 1940 Act or if distributions are limited by the terms of any of our borrowings.
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The following table sets forth:
| our actual cash, accrued organizational expenses and capitalization as of [ ], 2010; and |
| our cash, accrued organizational expenses and capitalization as adjusted to the sale of our common stock in this offering at an assumed public offering price of $ per share, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated organizational and offering expenses payable by us. |
As of [ ], 2010 | ||||||||
Actual | As Adjusted | |||||||
(in thousands) | (in thousands) | |||||||
Assets: |
||||||||
Cash | $ | $ | ||||||
Total assets | $ | $ | ||||||
Stockholders equity: |
||||||||
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 100,000,000 shares authorized; [ ] shares outstanding, actual; [ ] shares outstanding, as adjusted | ||||||||
Capital in excess of par value | ||||||||
Total stockholders equity | $ | $ |
The potential dilution to investors in this offering would be represented by the amount by which the offering price per share exceeds our pro forma net asset value per share after the completion of this offering. Net asset value per share is determined by dividing our net asset value, which is our gross assets less total liabilities, by the number of outstanding shares.
Our net asset value as of [ ], 2010 was approximately $[ ] million, or approximately $[ ] per share. After giving effect to the sale of [ ] million shares of our common stock in this offering, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $[ ] million and estimated offering expenses of approximately $[ ] million payable by us, our as adjusted net asset value is expected to be approximately $[ ] million, or approximately $[ ] per share, representing an immediate decrease in net asset value of $[ ] per share, or $[ ], to shares sold in this offering.
The following table illustrates the dilution to the shares on a per share basis, taking into account the assumptions set forth above:
Offering price per share | $ | |||
[ ], 2010 net asset value before this offering | $ | |||
Decrease attributable to stockholders | $ | |||
As adjusted [ ], 2010 net asset value after this offering | $ | |||
Dilution to stockholders | $ |
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We are a newly formed, non-diversified closed-end management investment company that has registered as an investment company under the 1940 Act. Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolios total return. We will seek to achieve our investment objective by investing primarily in leveraged corporate loans (primarily non-investment grade loans which are generally a corporations most senior debt), with an emphasis on current income. Those investments may take a variety of forms, including the direct purchases of loans (either in the primary or secondary markets) or through investments in entities that in turn own leveraged corporate loans. We intend to initially implement our investment objective by investing principally in the equity and junior debt tranches of CLO vehicles, which are collateralized primarily by leveraged corporate loans, and which generally have very little or no exposure to real estate or mortgage loans or to pools of consumer-based debt, such as credit card receivables or auto loans.
As the credit markets are in the midst of a period of almost unprecedented turmoil, we believe that those dislocations have created opportunities to purchase discounted assets, many of which are structurally levered (on favorable terms) at attractive risk-adjusted returns. We intend to focus our initial investing in CLO equity and junior debt tranches that can be acquired either directly from CLO vehicles or in secondary market transactions. We may also invest, on an opportunistic basis, in other corporate credits of a variety of types. We expect that each of our investments will range in size from $1 million to $8 million, although the investment size may vary consistent with the size of our overall portfolio.
Oxford Lane Management will manage our investments and its affiliate will arrange for the performance of the administrative services necessary for us to operate.
Our investment activities will be managed by Oxford Lane Management, which is an investment adviser that has registered under the Advisers Act. Under our Investment Advisory Agreement with Oxford Lane Management, we have agreed to pay Oxford Lane Management an annual base management fee based on our gross assets, including any proceeds from this offering which have not yet been invested in accordance with our investment objective, beginning upon completion of this offering, as well as an incentive fee based on our performance. See Investment Advisory Agreement.
We expect to benefit from the proven ability of our investment advisers team to identify attractive opportunities, conduct diligence on and value prospective investments, negotiate terms where appropriate, and manage and monitor a diversified portfolio although we do not intend to operate as a diversified investment company within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Our investment advisers senior investment team members have broad investment backgrounds, with prior experience at investment banks, commercial banks, unregistered investment funds and other financial services companies, and have collectively developed a broad network of contacts to provide us with our principal source of investment opportunities.
Our investment adviser is led by Jonathan H. Cohen, our Chief Executive Officer, and Saul B. Rosenthal, our President. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal are assisted by Darryl M. Monasebian and Hari Srinivasan, who serve as Senior Managing Director and Managing Director, respectively, for Oxford Lane Management. We consider Messrs. Cohen, Rosenthal, Monasebian and Srinivasan to be Oxford Lane Managements senior investment team.
Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, together with the other members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team, have developed an infrastructure that we believe will provide Oxford Lane Capital with a competitive advantage in locating and acquiring attractive corporate debt and CLO investments. In particular, the members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team currently manage the portfolios of:
| TICC Capital Corp., a NASDAQ Global Select Market-listed business development company with over $253 million in gross assets as of March 31, 2010, which is managed by TICC Management, LLC; |
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| Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey-based, London Stock Exchange Alternative Investment Market, or AIM, listed closed-end debt-focused investment fund with approximately $301 million of gross assets as of March 31, 2010, which is managed by T2 Advisers, LLC; and |
| T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., a CLO structured finance vehicle investing in a diversified portfolio of leveraged corporate loans, the assets of which are included in the gross assets of Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited. |
In the course of managing those existing portfolios, the members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team have historically evaluated and invested in a combination of bilateral and syndicated leveraged corporate loans and structured finance vehicles, with the objective of producing high risk-adjusted returns primarily in the form of current income. Since June 2009, the members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team have sourced and analyzed in excess of 100 secondary CLO tranche transactions, and have invested an aggregate of approximately $31 million in 15 such transactions that, collectively, have an aggregate par value of approximately $63 million.
Charles M. Royce is the non-managing member of Oxford Lane Management. Mr. Royce has served as President and Chief Investment Officer since 1972, and a member of the Board of Managers since 2001, of Royce & Associates. He also manages or co-manages ten of Royce & Associates open- and closed-end registered funds. Mr. Royce currently serves on the Board of Directors of The Royce Funds and TICC Capital Corp. Mr. Royce, as a non-managing member of Oxford Lane Management, does not take part in the management or participate in the operations of Oxford Lane Management; however, Mr. Royce is available to Oxford Lane Management to provide certain consulting services without compensation. Royce & Associates is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legg Mason, Inc.
In addition, our executive officers and directors, as well as the current and future members of our investment adviser, Oxford Lane Management, may serve as officers, directors or principals of other entities that operate in the same or a related line of business as we do. Accordingly, they may have obligations to investors in those entities, the fulfillment of which obligations may not be in the best interests of us or our stockholders. Each of TICC Capital Corp., Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited and T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., as well as any affiliated investment vehicle formed in the future and managed by our investment adviser or its affiliates may, notwithstanding different stated investment objectives, have overlapping investment objectives with our own and, accordingly, may invest in asset classes similar to those targeted by us. As a result, Oxford Lane Management may face conflicts in allocating investment opportunities between us and such other entities. Although Oxford Lane Management will endeavor to allocate investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner, it is possible that, in the future, we may not be given the opportunity to participate in investments made by investment funds, including TICC Capital Corp., Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd. and Oxford Gate Capital, managed by our investment adviser or an investment manager affiliated with our investment adviser. In any such case, when Oxford Lane Managements investment team identifies an investment, it will be required to choose which investment fund should make the investment.
In certain instances, we may co-invest on a concurrent basis with affiliates of our investment adviser, subject to compliance with applicable regulations and regulatory guidance and our written allocation procedures.
In addition, we will pay BDC Partners, an affiliate of Oxford Lane Management, our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by BDC Partners in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent, the fees and expenses associated with performing compliance functions, and our allocable portion of the compensation of our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and any administrative support staff. These arrangements will create conflicts of interest that our Board of Directors must monitor.
Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolios total return. We will seek to achieve our investment objective by investing primarily in leveraged corporate loans (primarily non-investment grade loans which are generally a corporations most senior debt), with an emphasis on current income. Those investments may take a variety of forms, including the direct purchases of loans (either in the primary or secondary
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markets) or through investments in entities that in turn own leveraged corporate loans. We intend to initially implement our investment objective by investing principally in the equity and junior debt tranches of CLO vehicles, which are collateralized primarily by leveraged corporate loans, and which generally have very little or no exposure to real estate or mortgage loans or to pools of consumer-based debt, such as credit card receivables or auto loans.
The CLO investments we intend to initially target will generally represent either a residual economic interest, in the case of an equity tranche, or a debt investment collateralized by a portfolio of leveraged corporate loans. The value of our CLO investments will generally depend on both the quality and nature of the underlying portfolio it references and also on the specific structural characteristics of the CLO itself, both of which are described below.
Structurally, a CLO vehicle is a non-recourse special purpose vehicle established to acquire and manage a portfolio primarily comprised of loans meeting certain established investment criteria and concentration limitations. A CLO vehicle obtains funding to acquire the portfolio by issuing rated debt obligations (notes) and equity. Debt obligations are typically issued in tranches with the most senior tranches rated AAA and the most junior tranches unrated or rated BB. CLO equity may be issued in the form of subordinated income notes or in the form of preference shares.
Equity is referred to as the first loss piece of a CLO vehicle as it will be the first in the capital structure to suffer losses as a result of realized losses on the underlying portfolio. The equity will generally receive periodic payments of any excess interest generated by the portfolio over the liabilities, similar to dividends on stocks. The CLO equity receives the residual value after all note tranches have been fully repaid.
CLO notes have the benefit of overcollateralization (as illustrated below). The junior class of notes have the least overcollateralization and the greatest subordination. The opposite is true for the most senior notes.
The most junior tranche of CLO notes is typically referred to as the second loss piece of a CLO vehicle. The junior tranche is structured as a debt security and receives periodic contractual coupon payments based on the applicable interest rate, which may be fixed or at a floating rate based on a margin over a benchmark, such as LIBOR. At the maturity or liquidation of the CLO vehicle, the principal of this tranche will be repaid only after the more highly-rated tranches are repaid in full.
The above diagram is for illustrative purposes only. The CLO structure highlighted in the above diagram is only a hypothetical structure and structures among CLO vehicles in which we may invest may vary substantially from the hypothetical example set forth above.
The order for payments of all liabilities of a CLO vehicle are set out in detail in the indenture. The contractual provisions setting out this order of payments is referred to as the priority of payments or the waterfall and determine any other obligations that may be required to be paid ahead of payments of interest and principal on the securities issued by a CLO vehicle.
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CLO indentures typically provide for adjustments to the priority of payments in the event that certain cashflow or overcollateralization requirements are not maintained. The collateral quality tests that may divert cashflows in the priority of payments are predominantly determined by reference to the par values of the underlying loans, rather than their current market values. Accordingly, we believe that CLO equity and junior debt investments allow investors to gain diversified exposure to the leveraged corporate loan market on a levered basis without being structurally subject to mark-to-market price fluctuations of the underlying loans. As such, although the current valuations of CLO equity and junior debt tranches are expected to fluctuate based on price changes within the loan market, interest rate movements and other macroeconomic factors, those tranches will be expected to continue to receive distributions from the CLO vehicle periodically so long as the underlying portfolio does not suffer defaults and/or realized losses sufficient to trigger changes in the waterfall allocations. We therefore believe that an investment portfolio consisting of CLO equity and junior debt investments of this type has the ability to provide attractive risk-adjusted rates of return.
We believe that while the syndicated leveraged corporate loan market is relatively large, with Standard and Poors estimating the total par value outstanding at approximately $500 billion as of March 26, 2010, this market remains largely inaccessible to a significant portion of investors that are not lenders or approved institutions. The CLO market permits wider exposure to syndicated leveraged corporate loans, but this market is almost exclusively private and predominantly institutional. Our strategy provides a platform from which individual investors can access this market on a relatively diversified basis.
The leveraged corporate loan market is characterized by various factors, including:
| Seniority. A leveraged corporate loan typically ranks senior in a companys capital structure to all other forms of debt or equity. As such, that loan maintains the senior-most claim on the companys assets and cash flow, and, we believe should, all other things being equal, offer the prospect of a relatively more stable and lower-risk holding. |
| Floating rate instruments. A leveraged corporate loan typically contains a floating versus a fixed interest rate, which we believe provides some measure of protection against the risk of interest rate fluctuation. |
| Frequency of interest payments. A leveraged corporate loan typically provides for scheduled interest payments no less frequently than quarterly. |
In the current environment, we believe the above attributes seem particularly desirable.
We believe that the leveraged corporate loan market has and continues to represent an attractive area for investment. We believe that the CLO equity and junior debt investments we intend to seek currently represent, as a class, an opportunity to obtain attractive risk-adjusted investment returns. We believe that a number of factors support this conclusion, including:
| We believe that price declines in the secondary market for leveraged corporate loans have created opportunities to purchase certain assets at prices that yield attractive risk adjusted returns. |
| We believe that CLO equity and junior debt instruments have generally become more liquid since mid-2009. From late 2007 through mid-2009, these assets traded less frequently, if at all. We believe that greater recent liquidity has created the opportunity to better analyze and compare various offered equity interests and debt tranches across the respective structures and financial profiles. |
| We believe that prices, especially on a trade-weighted basis, have fallen considerably since mid-2008. CLO equity and junior debt instruments have moved from trading essentially at par, with a thin secondary market, to a more active market where such instruments currently trade at 30% to 60% of par value. While these indicative valuations have recovered substantially from the lows of the first half of 2009, we believe that very little actual trading occurred during that time. |
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| We believe that ownership of junior debt and CLO equity instruments have generally been distributed across a range of holders, some of whom we believe may continue to face near- to intermediate-term liquidity issues. Further, we believe that larger institutional investors with sufficient resources to source, analyze and negotiate the purchase of these assets may refrain from purchases of the size that we are targeting, thereby reducing the prospective competition for our target investments. |
| We believe that successful investment in CLO securities, and CLO equity instruments in particular, requires very high levels of research and analysis. We believe that typically this analysis can only be conducted by knowledgeable market participants, as the nature of that analysis tends to be highly specialized. |
| We believe that a stronger market for leveraged corporate loans has substantially reduced the risk of par impairment across most CLO structures, thereby reducing the instances where current cashflows otherwise payable to equity must be diverted under the priority of payments to pay down more senior obligations in CLO structures. |
| We believe that the global CLO market is relatively large, with a total par value of approximately $250 billion among approximately 540 different U.S.-based CLO vehicles and approximately €70 billion among 180 European-based CLO vehicles as of June 1, 2010, according to estimates by Moodys Investors Service. We estimate that the size of the junior-most debt tranches (specifically the tranches originally rated BB) are approximately $9.0 billion for the U.S. CLO market and €2.5 billion for the European CLO market, and the size of the equity tranches is approximately $20 billion and €5.5 billion, respectively. |
Our investment advisers investment team will be responsible for all aspects of our investment process. Oxford Lane Managements senior investment team currently consists of Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, who serve as members of the investment committee of Oxford Lane Management, and Messrs. Monasebian and Srinivasan. While the investment strategy involves a team approach, whereby potential transactions are screened by various members of the senior investment team, both Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal must approve of all investments in order for them to proceed. See Portfolio Management. The stages of our investment selection process are as follows:
Deal sourcing is maximized through various relationships with industry contacts, brokers, bankers, CLO vehicle sponsors and investors.
In screening potential investments in CLO vehicles, our investment advisers investment team will utilize the same value-oriented investment philosophy they employ in their work managing other investment portfolios, including TICC Capital Corp.
We have identified several criteria that we believe are important in identifying and investing in prospective CLO vehicles. These criteria provide general guidelines for our investment advisers decisions; however, not all of these criteria will be met by each prospective CLO vehicle in which they choose to invest. Generally, our investment adviser will seek to utilize its access to information generated by its investment team to identify attractive investment candidates.
Stable Portfolio. We will generally seek to invest in CLO vehicles that we believe are collateralized by a relatively stable portfolio of leveraged corporate loans. We believe focusing on stable CLO vehicles will provide us with a greater opportunity for consistent current cashflows from our investment.
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Diverse Portfolio Base. We will generally seek to invest in CLO vehicles that have a relatively diverse portfolio of corporate borrowers. We will generally seek to avoid investments in CLO vehicles that are heavily weighted towards a small number of borrowers, or that have a majority of borrowers that operate in a particularly industry. We believe focusing on CLO vehicles with a diverse borrower base will help limit our exposure to borrower or industry-specific downturns.
Attractive Discount to Par. We will generally seek to invest in CLO vehicles where we can acquire either an equity or junior debt instrument at a relatively attractive discount to par value, although in certain cases we may invest at par where we believe the opportunity is particularly attractive on a risk-adjusted basis. We believe investing at a significant discount to par generally provides us with a more attractive risk-adjusted return on our investment, while minimizing our downside risk in the event of a default with respect to our investment.
Our investment advisers senior investment team will conduct due diligence on prospective investments, consistent with the approach its members have developed over the course of managing other investment vehicles, including TICC Capital Corp. In conducting due diligence, our investment adviser uses publicly available information as well as information otherwise available to it, including through its relationships with CLO vehicle sponsors, consultants, competitors and investment bankers.
Our investment advisers due diligence is expected to typically include:
| review of financial information regarding prospective investments; |
| research relating to leveraged corporate loans; and |
| review of the prospective investments capital structure and the terms and conditions of the investment. |
Upon the completion of due diligence, the investment professionals present the opportunity to our advisers investment committee, which then determines whether to proceed with the potential investment. Additional due diligence with respect to any investment may be conducted on our behalf by outside third-party advisers, as appropriate. Any fees and expenses incurred by Oxford Lane Management in connection with due diligence investigations undertaken by third parties will be subject to reimbursement by Oxford Lane Capital, which reimbursements will be in addition to any management or incentive fees payable under our Investment Advisory Agreement to Oxford Lane Management. While the investment strategy involves a team approach, Oxford Lane Capital may not enter into a transaction without the prior approval of both Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal.
Our investment adviser will monitor our investments on an ongoing basis. Our investment adviser has several methods of monitoring the performance and value of our investments, which include the following:
| review of pricing data and indicative bids for recent transactions in our investments; |
| comparisons to other leveraged corporate loans and CLO vehicles; and |
| review of available financial statements for our investments. |
The most significant estimate inherent in the preparation of our financial statements will be the valuation of investments and the related amounts of unrealized appreciation and depreciation of investments recorded. There is no single method for determining fair value in good faith. As a result, determining fair value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances of each portfolio investment while employing a consistently applied valuation process for the types of investments we make. We will be required to specifically fair value each individual investment on a quarterly basis.
Our Board of Directors will determine the value of our investment portfolio each quarter, after consideration of our Valuation Committees recommendation of fair value. Oxford Lane Management will
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compile the relevant information, including a financial summary, covenant compliance review and recent trading activity in the security, if known. All available information, including non-binding indicative bids which may not be considered reliable, will be presented to the Valuation Committee to consider in making its recommendation of fair value to the Board of Directors. In some instances, there may be limited trading activity in a security even though the market for the security is considered not active. In such cases the Valuation Committee will consider the number of trades, the size and timing of each trade, and other circumstances around such trades, to the extent such information is available, in making its recommendation of fair value to the Board of Directors. We may elect to engage third-party valuation firms to provide assistance to our Valuation Committee and Board of Directors in valuing certain of our investments. The Valuation Committee will evaluate the impact of such additional information, and factor it into its consideration of fair value.
We will compete for investments with other investment funds (including private equity funds, mezzanine funds and business development companies), as well as traditional financial services companies such as commercial banks, investment banks, finance companies and other sources of funding. Additionally, because competition for investment opportunities generally has increased among alternative investment vehicles, such as hedge funds, those entities have begun to invest in areas they have not traditionally invested in, including CLO vehicles. As a result of these new entrants, competition for investment opportunities in CLO vehicles may intensify. Many of these entities have greater financial and managerial resources than we do. We believe we will be able to compete with these entities primarily on the basis of the experience and contacts of our investment adviser, and our responsive and efficient investment analysis and decision-making processes.
We do not currently have any employees. Our day-to-day investment operations will be managed by Oxford Lane Management. Oxford Lane Managements investment team currently consists of the members of its investment committee, Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, and Messrs. Monasebian and Srinivasan, who serve as Senior Managing Director and Managing Director, respectively, for Oxford Lane Management, and two additional experienced investment professionals. Oxford Lane Management may retain additional investment professionals, based upon its needs, subsequent to the completion of this offering. See Investment Advisory Agreement.
In addition, we will reimburse BDC Partners for our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by it in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent, the fees and expenses associated with performing compliance functions, and the compensation of our chief financial officer, chief compliance officer, and any administrative support staff. See Administration Agreement.
Our executive offices are located at 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830, and are provided by BDC Partners in accordance with the terms of the Administration Agreement. We believe that our office facilities are suitable and adequate for our business as it is contemplated to be conducted.
None of us, our investment adviser or administrator, is currently subject to any material legal proceedings, nor, to our knowledge, is any material legal proceeding threatened against us, or against our investment adviser or administrator. From time to time, we, our investment adviser or administrator, may be a party to certain legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including proceedings relating to the enforcement of our rights under contracts with our portfolio companies. While the outcome of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not expect that these proceedings will have a material effect upon our financial condition or results of operations.
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Our Board of Directors oversees our management. The Board of Directors currently consists of five members, three of whom are not interested persons of Oxford Lane Capital as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act. We refer to these individuals as our independent directors. Our Board of Directors elects our officers, who serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors. The responsibilities of each director will include, among other things, the oversight of our investment activity, the quarterly valuation of our assets, and oversight of our financing arrangements. The Board of Directors has also established an Audit Committee and a Valuation Committee, and may establish additional committees in the future.
Information regarding the Board of Directors is as follows:
Name | Age | Position | Director Since |
Expiration of Term |
||||
Interested Directors | ||||||||
Jonathan H. Cohen | 45 | Chief Executive Officer and Director | 2010 | [ ] | ||||
Saul B. Rosenthal | 41 | President and Director | 2010 | [ ] | ||||
Independent Directors | ||||||||
Mark J. Ashenfelter | [ ] | Chairman of the Board of Directors | 2010 | [ ] | ||||
John Reardon | [ ] | Director | 2010 | [ ] | ||||
David S. Shin | [ ] | Director | 2010 | [ ] |
The address for each of our directors is c/o Oxford Lane Capital Corp., 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830.
Name | Age | Position | ||
Patrick F. Conroy | 53 | Chief Financial Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary |
Our directors have been divided into two groups interested directors and independent directors. An interested director is an interested person as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act.
Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal are interested persons of Oxford Lane Capital as defined in the 1940 Act. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal are interested persons of Oxford Lane Capital due to their positions as Chief Executive Officer and President, respectively, of Oxford Lane Capital and Oxford Lane Management, Oxford Lane Capitals investment adviser, and as the managing member and non-managing member, respectively, of BDC Partners, the administrator for Oxford Lane Capital.
Jonathan H. Cohen has served as Chief Executive Officer of both Oxford Lane Capital and Oxford Lane Management since 2010. Mr. Cohen has also served since 2003 as Chief Executive Officer of both TICC Capital Corp., a publicly traded business development company, and TICC Management, LLC, TICC Capital Corp.s investment adviser, and as the managing member of BDC Partners. In addition, Mr. Cohen has served since 2005 as the Chief Executive Officer of T2 Advisers, LLC, which serves as the investment adviser to Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited (f/k/a T2 Income Fund Limited), a Guernsey fund that invests primarily in leveraged corporate loans across a variety of industries globally and collateral manager of T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., a CLO vehicle sponsored by Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited. Mr. Cohen was also the owner, managing member, and a principal of JHC Capital Management, a registered investment
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adviser, and was previously a managing member and principal of Privet Financial Securities, LLC, a registered broker-dealer, from 2003 to 2004. Prior to founding JHC Capital Management in 2001, Mr. Cohen managed technology research groups at Wit SoundView from 1999 to 2001. He has also managed securities research groups at Merrill Lynch & Co. from 1998 to 1999. Mr. Cohen received a B.A. in Economics from Connecticut College and an M.B.A. from Columbia University. Mr. Cohens depth of experience in managerial positions in investment management, securities research and financial services, as well as his intimate knowledge of our business and operations, gives the Board of Directors valuable industry-specific knowledge and expertise on these and other matters.
Saul B. Rosenthal has served as our President since 2010. Mr. Rosenthal has also served as Chief Operating Officer since 2003 and President since 2004 of TICC Capital Corp., a publicly traded business development company, and TICC Management, LLC, TICC Capital Corp.s investment adviser, and is a member of BDC Partners. In addition, Mr. Rosenthal has also served since 2005 as the President of T2 Advisers, LLC, which serves as investment adviser for Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey fund that invests primarily in leveraged corporate loans across a variety of industries globally and collateral manager of T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., a CLO vehicle sponsored by Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited. Mr. Rosenthal was previously President of Privet Financial Securities, LLC, a registered broker-dealer, from 2003 to 2004. Mr. Rosenthal serves on the board of Algorithmic Implementations, Inc. (d/b/a Ai Squared) and is a member of the board of the New York chapter of the Young Presidents Organization (YPO-WPO). Mr. Rosenthal received a B.S., magna cum laude, from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, a J.D. from Columbia University Law School, where he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar, and a LL.M. (Taxation) from New York University School of Law. Mr. Rosenthals depth of experience in managerial positions in investment management, as well as his intimate knowledge of our business and operations, gives the Board of Directors valuable perspective of a knowledgeable corporate leader.
The following directors are not interested persons of Oxford Lane Capital, as defined in the 1940 Act.
Mark J. Ashenfelter has served as Chairman of our Board of Directors since 2010. Mr. Ashenfelter also presently serves as a Senior Vice President and the General Counsel of Haebler Capital, a private investment company located in Greenwich, CT. Prior to joining Haebler Capital in 1994, Mr. Ashenfelter was an associate at Cravath, Swaine & Moore from 1985 to 1992 and Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft from 1992 to 1994. Mr. Ashenfelter received a B.A., cum laude, from Harvard University, a J.D., magna cum laude, from New York Law School, where he was Managing Editor of the Law Review, and a LL.M. (Taxation) from New York University School of Law. Mr. Ashenfelters extensive corporate legal experience, particularly in connection with investment companies, provides our Board of Directors with valuable insight and perspective.
John Reardon presently serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Maritime Communications/Land Mobile, LLC. Previously, Mr. Reardon managed telecommunications companies in the mobile voice, data and engineering services markets as Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of Mobex Communications, Inc. from 2001 to 2005. From 1997 2001, Mr. Reardon served as General Counsel and Secretary of the Board of Directors of Mobex Communications, Inc. Mr. Reardon began his career in telecommunications law at the firm of Keller and Heckman, LLP, where he served from 1995 to 1997. Mr. Reardon received a B.A., summa cum laude, in Political Science from Boston University and a J.D. from Columbia Law School. Mr. Reardons extensive experience as a senior corporate executive provides our Board of Directors the perspective of a knowledgeable corporate leader.
David S. Shin presently serves as a Managing Director at Bentley Associates, an investment banking firm. Prior to joining Bentley Associates, Mr. Shin worked in the Global Real Estate Investment Banking Group at Deutsche Bank Securities from 2005 to 2008, and in the Real Estate & Lodging Group of Citigroup Global Markets from 2004 to 2005. Prior to that, Mr. Shin worked for William Street Advisors, LLC, a boutique financial advisory firm affiliated with Saratoga Management Company, from 2002 to 2004. After receiving his J.D. in 1995, Mr. Shin was a member of the Healthcare Group of Dean Witter Reynolds from 1995 to 1996, and was subsequently a member of the Mergers & Acquisitions Group of Merrill Lynch & Co. from 1996 to 2002. Mr. Shin started his career as a CPA in the Corporate Tax Department of KPMG Peat Marwicks Financial Institutions Group, where he served from 1990 to 1992, before attending law school. Mr. Shin received a B.S. from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and a J.D. from Columbia
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Law School. Mr. Shins extensive experience in investment banking provides the Board of Directors with valuable insights of an experienced and diligent financial professional, as well as a diverse perspective.
Patrick F. Conroy has served as our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary since 2010. Mr. Conroy has also served as the Chief Financial Officer since 2003, and the Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary since 2004, of TICC Capital Corp., a publicly traded business development company. Prior to joining TICC in December 2003, Mr. Conroy was a consultant on financial reporting and compliance matters, as well as an adjunct professor of accounting and finance at St. Thomas Aquinas College. Mr. Conroy has also served since 2005 as the Chief Financial Officer of T2 Advisers, LLC and the Chief Financial Officer of Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey fund that invests primarily in leveraged corporate loans across a variety of industries globally, for which T2 Advisers, LLC serves as investment adviser. He is a certified public accountant. Mr. Conroy received a B.S. in Accounting, summa cum laude, from St. Johns University and did graduate work at Bernard M. Baruch College of the City University of New York.
In accordance with rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market, our Board of Directors will annually determine each directors independence. We do not consider a director independent unless the Board of Directors has determined that he or she has no material relationship with us. We will monitor the relationships of our directors and officers through a questionnaire each director completes no less frequently than annually and updates periodically as information provided in the most recent questionnaire changes.
In order to evaluate the materiality of any such relationship, the Board of Directors uses the definition of director independence set forth in the rules promulgated by the NASDAQ Stock Market. Rule 5605(a)(2) provides that a director of an investment company shall be considered to be independent if he or she is not an interested person of Oxford Lane Capital, as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act.
The Board of Directors has determined that each of the directors is independent and has no relationship with us, except as a director and stockholder, with the exception of Jonathan H. Cohen and Saul B. Rosenthal, as a result of their respective positions as Chief Executive Officer and President of Oxford Lane Capital and Oxford Lane Management, Oxford Lane Capitals investment adviser, and as the managing member and non-managing member, respectively, of BDC Partners, the administrator for Oxford Lane Capital.
Our Board of Directors monitors and performs an oversight role with respect to the business and affairs of Oxford Lane Capital, including with respect to investment practices and performance, compliance with regulatory requirements and the services, expenses and performance of service providers to Oxford Lane Capital. Among other things, our Board of Directors approves the appointment of our investment adviser and officers, reviews and monitors the services and activities performed by our investment adviser and executive officers and approves the engagement, and reviews the performance of, our independent registered public accounting firm.
Under our bylaws, our Board of Directors may designate a Chairman to preside over the meetings of the Board of Directors and meetings of the stockholders and to perform such other duties as may be assigned to him by the Board of Directors. We do not have a fixed policy as to whether the Chairman of the Board of Directors should be an independent director and believe that we should maintain the flexibility to select the Chairman and reorganize the leadership structure, from time to time, based on the criteria that is in the best interests of Oxford Lane Capital and its stockholders at such times.
Presently, Mr. Ashenfelter serves as the Chairman of our Board of Directors. Mr. Ashenfelter is not an interested person of Oxford Lane Capital as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act. We believe that Mr. Ashenfelters extensive corporate legal experience, particularly in connection with investment companies, qualify him to serve as the Chairman of our Board of Directors. We believe that we are best served through this existing leadership structure, as Mr. Ashenfelters independence from our investment adviser eliminates any perceived conflicts of interest and ensures that our management team acts in the best interests of our stockholders.
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Our corporate governance policies include regular meetings of the independent directors in executive session without the presence of interested directors and management, the establishment of Audit and Valuation Committees comprised solely of independent directors and the appointment of a Chief Compliance Officer, with whom the independent directors meet regularly without the presence of interested directors and other members of management, for administering our compliance policies and procedures.
We recognize that different board leadership structures are appropriate for companies in different situations. We intend to re-examine our corporate governance policies on an ongoing basis to ensure that they continue to meet our needs.
Our Board of Directors performs its risk oversight function primarily through (i) its two standing committees, which report to the entire Board of Directors and are comprised solely of independent directors, and (ii) active monitoring of our Chief Compliance Officer and our compliance policies and procedures.
As described below in more detail under Committees of the Board of Directors, the Audit Committee and the Valuation Committee assist the Board of Directors in fulfilling its risk oversight responsibilities. The Audit Committees risk oversight responsibilities include overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes, our systems of internal controls regarding finance and accounting, and audits of our financial statements. The Valuation Committees risk oversight responsibilities include establishing guidelines and making recommendations to our Board of Directors regarding the valuation of our loans and investments. Moreover, the independent directors of our Board of Directors are responsible for selecting, researching and nominating directors for election by our stockholders, developing and recommending to the Board of Directors a set of corporate governance principles and overseeing the evaluation of the Board of Directors and our management.
Our Board of Directors also performs its risk oversight responsibilities with the assistance of our Chief Compliance Officer. The Board of Directors annually reviews a written report from the Chief Compliance Officer discussing the adequacy and effectiveness of the compliance policies and procedures of Oxford Lane Capital and its service providers. The Chief Compliance Officers annual report addresses at a minimum (i) the operation of the compliance policies and procedures of Oxford Lane Capital and its service providers since the last report; (ii) any material changes to such policies and procedures since the last report; (iii) any recommendations for material changes to such policies and procedures as a result of the Chief Compliance Officers annual review; and (iv) any compliance matter that has occurred since the date of the last report about which the Board of Directors would reasonably need to know to oversee our compliance activities and risks. In addition, the Chief Compliance Officer meets separately in executive session with the independent directors at least quarterly.
We believe that our Board of Directors role in risk oversight is effective and appropriate given the extensive regulation to which we are already subject as an investment company. As a registered closed-end management investment company, we are required to comply with certain regulatory requirements that control the levels of risk in our business and operations. For example, our ability to incur indebtedness is limited such that our asset coverage must equal at least 300% immediately after each time we incur indebtedness and we are limited in our ability to invest in any CLO vehicle in which one of our affiliates currently has an investment.
We recognize that different board roles in risk oversight are appropriate for companies in different situations. We re-examine the manner in which the Board of Directors administers its oversight function on an ongoing basis to ensure that they continue to meet our needs.
Our Board of Directors has established an Audit Committee and a Valuation Committee. We require each director to make a diligent effort to attend all Board and committee meetings, as well as each annual meeting of stockholders.
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The Audit Committee operates pursuant to a charter approved by our Board of Directors, a copy of which is available on our website at http://www.[ ].com. The charter sets forth the responsibilities of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committees responsibilities include recommending the selection of our independent registered public accounting firm, reviewing with such independent registered public accounting firm the planning, scope and results of their audit of our financial statements, pre-approving the fees for services performed, reviewing with the independent registered public accounting firm the adequacy of internal control systems, reviewing our annual financial statements and periodic filings, and receiving our audit reports and financial statements. The Audit Committee is presently composed of three persons: Messrs. Shin, Ashenfelter and Reardon, all of whom are considered independent under the rules promulgated by the NASDAQ Stock Market. Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Shin is an audit committee financial expert as that term is defined under Item 407 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Mr. Shin meets the current independence and experience requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act and, in addition, is not an interested person of Oxford Lane Capital as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act. Mr. Shin currently serves as Chairman of the Audit Committee.
The Valuation Committee will establish guidelines and makes recommendations to our Board of Directors regarding the valuation of investments. Our portfolio investments will generally not be publicly traded securities. As a result, there will not be a readily determinable market value for these securities. Thus, as required by the 1940 Act for such securities, we will value these securities at fair value as determined in good faith by our Board of Directors based upon the recommendation of the Valuation Committee.
Our Board of Directors will determine the value of our investment portfolio each quarter, after consideration of our Valuation Committees recommendation of fair value. Oxford Lane Management will compile relevant information, including a financial summary, covenant compliance review and recent trading activity in the security, if known. All available information, including non-binding indicative bids which may not be considered reliable, will be presented to the Valuation Committee to consider in making its recommendation of fair value to the Board of Directors. In some instances, there may be limited trading activity in a security even though the market for the security is considered not active. In such cases the Valuation Committee will consider the number of trades, the size and timing of each trade, and other circumstances around such trades, to the extent such information is available, in making its recommendation of fair value to the Board of Directors. We may elect to engage third-party valuation firms to provide assistance to our Valuation Committee and Board of Directors in valuing certain of our investments. The Valuation Committee will evaluate the impact of such additional information, and factor it into its consideration of fair value.
The Valuation Committee is presently composed of Messrs. Shin, Ashenfelter and Reardon. Mr. Ashenfelter currently serves as Chairman of the Valuation Committee.
We do not have a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. A majority of the independent directors of the Board of Directors, in accordance with the NASDAQ Global Select Market listing standards, recommends candidates for election as directors. We do not currently have a charter or written policy with regard to the nomination process or stockholder recommendations. The absence of such a policy does not mean, however, that a stockholder recommendation would not be considered if one is received.
Our independent directors will consider qualified director nominees recommended by stockholders when such recommendations are submitted in accordance with our bylaws and any applicable law, rule or regulation regarding director nominations. When submitting a nomination for consideration, a stockholder must provide certain information that would be required under applicable SEC rules, including the following minimum information for each director nominee: full name, age and address; principal occupation during the past five years; current directorships on publicly held companies and investment companies; number of shares of our common stock owned, if any; and, a written consent of the individual to stand for election if nominated by our Board of Directors and to serve if elected by the stockholders.
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In evaluating director nominees, our independence directors consider the following factors:
| the appropriate size and composition of our Board of Directors; |
| whether or not the person is an interested person of Oxford Lane Capital as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act; |
| the needs of Oxford Lane Capital with respect to the particular talents and experience of its directors; |
| the knowledge, skills and experience of nominees in light of prevailing business conditions and the knowledge, skills and experience already possessed by other members of the Board of Directors; |
| high character and integrity; |
| familiarity with national and international business matters; |
| experience with accounting rules and practices; |
| appreciation of the relationship of our business to the changing needs of society; |
| the desire to balance the considerable benefit of continuity with the periodic injection of the fresh perspective provided by new members; and |
| all applicable laws, rules, regulations, and listing standards. |
The Board of Directors goal is to assemble a Board of Directors that brings to Oxford Lane Capital a variety of perspectives and skills derived from high quality business and professional experience.
Other than the foregoing there are no stated minimum criteria for director nominees, although our independent directors may also consider such other factors as they may deem are in the best interests of Oxford Lane Capital and its stockholders. The Board of Directors also believes it appropriate for certain key members of our management to participate as members of the Board of Directors.
The independent members of the Board of Directors identify nominees by first evaluating the current members of the Board of Directors willing to continue in service. Current members of the Board of Directors with skills and experience that are relevant to our business and who are willing to continue in service are considered for re-nomination, balancing the value of continuity of service by existing members of the Board of Directors with that of obtaining a new perspective. If any member of the Board of Directors does not wish to continue in service or if the Board of Directors decides not to re-nominate a member for re-election, the independent members of the Board of Directors identify the desired skills and experience of a new nominee in light of the criteria above. The entire Board of Directors is polled for suggestions as to individuals meeting the aforementioned criteria. Research may also be performed to identify qualified individuals. To date, we have not engaged third parties to identify or evaluate or assist in identifying potential nominees although each reserves the right in the future to retain a third party search firm, if necessary.
The Board of Directors has not adopted a formal policy with regard to the consideration of diversity in identifying director nominees. In determining whether to recommend a director nominee, the Board of Directors considers and discusses diversity, among other factors, with a view toward the needs of the board of directors as a whole. The Board of Directors generally conceptualizes diversity expansively to include, without limitation, concepts such as race, gender, national origin, differences of viewpoint, professional experience, education, skill and other qualities that contribute to the Board of Directors, when identifying and recommending director nominees. The Board of Directors believes that the inclusion of diversity as one of many factors considered in selecting director nominees is consistent with the Board of Directors goal of creating a Board of Directors that best serves the needs of Oxford Lane Capital and the interests of its shareholders.
Stockholders with questions about Oxford Lane Capital are encouraged to contact Oxford Lane Capital Corp.s Investor Relations Department. However, if stockholders believe that their questions have not been addressed, they may communicate with our Board of Directors by sending their communications to Oxford Lane Capital Corp., c/o Patrick F. Conroy, Corporate Secretary, 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich,
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Connecticut 06830. All stockholder communications received in this manner will be delivered to one or more members of the Board of Directors, as appropriate.
We have adopted a code of ethics which applies to, among others, our senior officers, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as well as every officer, director and employee of Oxford Lane Capital. Our code of ethics can be accessed via its website at http://www.[ ]. com.
The independent directors will receive an annual fee of $35,000. In addition, the independent directors will receive $2,000 plus reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attending each Board of Directors meeting, $1,500 plus reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attending each Valuation Committee meeting and $1,000 plus reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attending each Audit Committee meeting. The Chairman of the Audit Committee will also receive an additional annual fee of $5,000. No compensation will be paid to directors who are interested persons of Oxford Lane Capital as defined in the 1940 Act.
We do not have a compensation committee because our executive officers will not receive any direct compensation from Oxford Lane Capital. Mr. Cohen, our Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Rosenthal, our President, through their ownership interest in BDC Partners, the managing member of Oxford Lane Management, are entitled to a portion of any profits earned by Oxford Lane Management, which includes any fees payable to Oxford Lane Management under the terms of the Investment Advisory Agreement, less expenses incurred by Oxford Lane Management in performing its services under the Investment Advisory Agreement. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal will not receive any additional compensation from Oxford Lane Management in connection with the management of our portfolio.
The compensation of Mr. Conroy, our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary, is paid by our administrator, BDC Partners, subject to reimbursement by us of an allocable portion of such compensation for services rendered by Mr. Conroy to Oxford Lane Capital.
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The management of our investment portfolio is the responsibility of Oxford Lane Management, and its investment committee, which currently consists of Jonathan H. Cohen, our Chief Executive Officer, and Saul B. Rosenthal, our President. Our investment advisers investment committee must approve each new investment that we make. The members of our investment advisers investment committee are not employed by us, and receive no compensation from us in connection with their portfolio management activities. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, through their ownership of BDC Partners, the managing member of Oxford Lane Management, are entitled to a portion of any investment advisory fees paid by Oxford Lane Capital to Oxford Lane Management.
Because Oxford Lane Management currently provides portfolio management services only to us, we do not believe there are any conflicts of interests with respect to Oxford Lane Managements management of our portfolio on the one hand, and the management of other accounts or investment vehicles by Oxford Lane Management on the other. However, Mr. Cohen currently serves as Chief Executive Officer and Mr. Rosenthal currently serves as President and Chief Operating Officer of TICC Capital Corp., a public-traded business development company that invests principally in the debt of U.S.-based technology-related companies, and its investment adviser, TICC Management. In addition, Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal currently serve as Chief Executive Officer and President, respectively, for T2 Advisers, LLC, an investment adviser to Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey fund that invests primarily in leveraged corporate loans across a variety of industries globally. T2 Advisers, LLC also manages T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., a CLO vehicle established by Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited. BDC Partners is the managing member, and Royce & Associates, LLC (Royce & Associates) is a non-managing member, of TICC Management, LLC. As a result, Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal may be subject to certain conflicts of interests with respect to their management of our portfolio on the one hand, and their respective obligations to manage TICC Capital Corp., Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited and T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd. on the other hand.
Set forth below is additional information regarding the additional entities currently managed by Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal:
Name | Entity | Investment Focus | Gross Assets(1) | |||
TICC Capital Corp. | Business development company | Principally debt investments in U.S. technology-related companies |
$253 million | |||
Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited(2) | Guernsey-based fund | Principally debt investments across a variety of industries globally |
$301 million |
(1) | Gross assets are calculated as of March 31, 2010, and are rounded to the nearest million. |
(2) | Includes the gross assets held by T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd. |
Our investment adviser is led by Jonathan H. Cohen, our Chief Executive Officer, and Saul B. Rosenthal, our President. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal are assisted by Darryl M. Monasebian and Hari Srinivasan, who serve as Senior Managing Director and Managing Director, respectively, for Oxford Lane Management. We consider Messrs. Cohen, Rosenthal, Monasebian and Srinivasan to be Oxford Lane Managements senior investment team. We consider Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, who are the members of our investment advisers investment committee, to be our portfolio managers.
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The table below shows the dollar range of shares of our common stock to be beneficially owned by each of our portfolio managers subsequent to completion of this offering.
Name of Portfolio Manager | Dollar Range of Equity Securities in Oxford Lane Capital(1) |
|
Jonathan H. Cohen | [ ] | |
Saul B. Rosenthal | [ ] |
(1) | Dollar ranges are as follows: None, $1 $10,000, $10,001 $50,000, $50,001 $100,000, $100,001 $500,000; $500,001 $1,000,000 or Over $1,000,000. |
The following information pertains to the members of Oxford Lane Managements investment team who are not executive officers of Oxford Lane Capital:
Darryl M. Monasebian. Mr. Monasebian is the senior managing director and head of portfolio management of Oxford Lane Management, and also holds those same positions at TICC Management, LLC, the investment adviser to TICC Capital. Mr. Monasebian has also served since 2005 as the senior managing director and head of portfolio management of T2 Advisers, LLC, the investment adviser to Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey fund that invests primarily in leveraged corporate loans across a variety of industries globally. Prior to joining TICC Management, Mr. Monasebian was a director in the Merchant Banking Group at BNP Paribas, and prior to that was a director at Swiss Bank Corporation and a senior account officer at Citibank. He began his business career at Metropolitan Life Insurance Company as an investment analyst in the Corporate Investments Department. Mr. Monasebian received a B.S. in Management Science/Operations Research from Case Western Reserve University and a Masters of Business Administration from Boston Universitys Graduate School of Management.
Hari Srinivasan. Mr. Srinivasan is a managing director and portfolio manager of Oxford Lane Management, and also holds those same positions at TICC Management, LLC, the investment adviser to TICC Capital Corp., and at T2 Advisers, LLC, the investment adviser to Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey fund that invests primarily in leveraged corporate loans across a variety of industries globally. Previously, Mr. Srinivasan was a credit manager at Lucent Technologies from 2002 to 2005, focusing on restructuring and monetization of distressed assets in Lucents vendor finance portfolio, and credit analysis of Lucents telecom customers. Prior to that, Mr. Srinivasan was an analyst in the fixed income group at Lehman Brothers from 1998 to 2002. Mr. Srinivasan received a B.S. in Computer Science from Poona University, India and a Masters of Business Administration from New York Universitys Stern School of Business.
Debdeep Maji. Mr. Maji is a senior associate of Oxford Lane Management, TICC Management, LLC, the advisor of TICC Capital Corp., and T2 Advisers, LLC, the investment adviser to Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited. Mr. Maji graduated from the Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology at the University of Pennsylvania where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics from the Wharton School (and was designated a Joseph Wharton Scholar) and a Bachelor of Applied Science from the School of Engineering.
Joseph Kupka. Mr. Kupka is an analyst of Oxford Lane Management, TICC Management, LLC, the advisor of TICC Capital Corp. and T2 Advisers, LLC, the investment adviser to Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited. Previously, he worked as a risk analyst for First Equity Card Corporation. Mr. Kupka received a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania.
None of Oxford Lane Managements investment personnel receive any direct compensation from us in connection with the management of our portfolio. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal, through their ownership interest in BDC Partners, the managing member of Oxford Lane Management, are entitled to a portion of any profits earned by Oxford Lane Management, which includes any fees payable to Oxford Lane Management under the terms of the Investment Advisory Agreement, less expenses incurred by Oxford Lane Management in performing its services under the Investment Advisory Agreement. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal do not receive any additional compensation from Oxford Lane Management in connection with the management of our portfolio. The compensation paid by Oxford Lane Management to its other investment personnel includes: (i) annual base salary; (ii) annual cash bonus; (iii) portfolio-based performance award; and (iv) individual performance award and/or individual performance bonus.
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Oxford Lane Management serves as our investment adviser. Oxford Lane Management is an investment adviser that intends to register as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act prior to pricing of this offering. Subject to the overall supervision of our Board of Directors, our investment adviser manages the day-to-day operations of, and provides investment advisory and management services to, Oxford Lane Capital. Under the terms of our Investment Advisory Agreement, Oxford Lane Management:
| determines the composition of our portfolio, the nature and timing of the changes to our portfolio and the manner of implementing such changes; |
| identifies, evaluates and negotiates the structure of the investments we make (including performing due diligence on our prospective investments); |
| closes and monitors the investments we make; and |
| provides us with other investment advisory, research and related services as we may from time to time require. |
Oxford Lane Managements services under the Investment Advisory Agreement are not exclusive, and both it and its members, officers and employees are free to furnish similar services to other entities so long as its services to us are not impaired.
Pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement, we have agreed to pay Oxford Lane Management a fee for investment advisory and management services consisting of two components a base management fee and an incentive fee.
The base management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 2.00% of our gross assets. For services rendered under the Investment Advisory Agreement, the base management fee is payable quarterly in arrears. The base management fee is calculated based on the average value of our gross assets at the end of the two most recently completed calendar quarters, and appropriately adjusted for any share issuances or repurchases during the current calendar quarter. Base management fees for any partial month or quarter will be appropriately pro-rated.
The incentive fee is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears based on our pre-incentive fee net investment income for the immediately preceding calendar quarter. For this purpose, pre-incentive fee net investment income means interest income, dividend income and any other income (including any other fees, such as commitment, origination, structuring, diligence and consulting fees or other fees that we receive from an investment) accrued during the calendar quarter, minus our operating expenses for the quarter (including the base management fee, expenses payable under the Administration Agreement to BDC Partners, and any interest expense and dividends paid on any issued and outstanding preferred stock, but excluding the incentive fee). Pre-incentive fee net investment income includes accrued income that we have not yet received in cash. Pre-incentive fee net investment income does not include any realized capital gains. Pre-incentive fee net investment income, expressed as a rate of return on the value of our net assets at the end of the immediately preceding calendar quarter, is compared to a hurdle of 1.75% per quarter (7.00% annualized). Our net investment income used to calculate this part of the incentive fee is also included in the amount of our gross assets used to calculate the 2.00% base management fee. We pay Oxford Lane Management an incentive fee with respect to our pre-incentive fee net investment income in each calendar quarter as follows:
| no incentive fee in any calendar quarter in which our pre-incentive fee net investment income does not exceed the hurdle of 1.75%; |
| 100% of our pre-incentive fee net investment income with respect to that portion of such pre-incentive fee net investment income, if any, that exceeds the hurdle but is less than 2.1875% in any calendar quarter (8.75% annualized). We refer to this portion of our pre-incentive fee net investment income (which exceeds the hurdle but is less than 2.1875%) as the catch-up. The |
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catch-up is meant to provide our investment adviser with 20% of our pre-incentive fee net investment income as if a hurdle did not apply if this net investment income exceeds 2.1875% in any calendar quarter; and |
| 20% of the amount of our pre-incentive fee net investment income, if any, that exceeds 2.1875% in any calendar quarter (8.75% annualized) is payable to Oxford Lane Management (once the hurdle is reached and the catch-up is achieved, 20% of all pre-incentive fee investment income thereafter is allocated to Oxford Lane Management). |
The following is a graphical representation of the calculation of the income-related portion of the incentive fee:
These calculations are appropriately pro-rated for any period of less than three months and adjusted for any share issuances or repurchases during the relevant quarter. You should be aware that a rise in the general level of interest rates can be expected to lead to higher interest rates applicable to our debt investments. Accordingly, an increase in interest rates would make it easier for us to meet or exceed the incentive fee hurdle rate and may result in a substantial increase of the amount of incentive fees payable to our investment adviser with respect to pre-incentive fee net investment income.
No incentive fee is payable to our investment adviser on realized capital gains.
Investment income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 1.25%
Hurdle rate(1) = 1.75%
Management fee(2) = 0.5%
Other expenses (legal, accounting, custodian, transfer agent, etc.)(3) = 0.20%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(investment income (management fee + other expenses)) = 0.55%
Pre-incentive net investment income does not exceed hurdle rate, therefore there is no incentive fee.
Investment income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 2.70%
Hurdle rate(1) = 1.75%
Management fee(2) = 0.5%
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Other expenses (legal, accounting, custodian, transfer agent, etc.)(3) = 0.20%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(investment income (management fee + other expenses)) = 2.00%
Incentive fee = 100% × pre-incentive fee net investment income, subject to the catch-up(4)
= 100% × (2.0% 1.75%)
= 0.25%
Investment income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 3.00%
Hurdle rate(1) = 1.75%
Management fee(2) = 0.5%
Other expenses (legal, accounting, custodian, transfer agent, etc.)(3) = 0.20%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(investment income (management fee + other expenses)) = 2.3%
Incentive fee = 20% × pre-incentive fee net investment income, subject to catch-up(4)
Incentive fee = 100% × catch-up + (20% × (pre-incentive fee net investment income 2.1875%))
Catch-up = 2.1875% 1.75%
= 0.4375%
Incentive fee = (100% × 0.4375%) + (20% × (2.3% 2.1875%))
= 0.4375% + (20% × 0.1125%)
= 0.4375% + 0.0225%
= 0.46%
The investment team of our investment adviser and their respective staffs, when and to the extent engaged in providing investment advisory and management services, and the compensation and routine overhead expenses of such personnel allocable to such services, are provided and paid for by Oxford Lane Management. We bear all other costs and expenses of our operations and transactions, including (without limitation):
| the cost of our organization and this offering; |
| the cost of calculating our net asset value, including the cost of any third-party valuation services; |
| the cost of effecting sales and repurchases of our shares and other securities; |
| interest payable on debt, if any, to finance our investments; |
| fees payable to third parties relating to, or associated with, making investments, including legal fees |
(1) | Represents 7% annualized hurdle rate. |
(2) | Represents 2.00% annualized management fee. |
(3) | Excludes organizational and offering expenses. |
(4) | The catch-up provision is intended to provide the investment adviser with an incentive fee of 20% on all of Oxford Lane Capitals pre-incentive fee net investment income as if a hurdle rate did not apply when its net investment income exceeds 2.1875% in any calendar quarter. |
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and expenses and fees and expenses associated with performing due diligence reviews of prospective investments and advisory fees as well as expenses associated with such activities; |
| the costs associated with protecting our interests in our investments, including legal fees; |
| transfer agent and custodial fees; |
| fees and expenses associated with marketing and investor relations efforts; |
| federal and state registration fees, any stock exchange listing fees; |
| federal, state and local taxes; |
| independent directors fees and expenses; |
| brokerage commissions; |
| fidelity bond, directors and officers errors and omissions liability insurance and other insurance premiums; |
| direct costs and expenses of administration, including printing, mailing, long distance telephone and staff; |
| fees and expenses associated with independent audits and outside legal costs; |
| costs associated with our reporting and compliance obligations under the 1940 Act and applicable federal and state securities laws; and |
| all other expenses incurred by either BDC Partners or us in connection with administering our business, including payments under the Administration Agreement that will be based upon our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by BDC Partners in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent, the fees and expenses associated with performing compliance functions, and our allocable portion of the costs of compensation and related expenses of our Chief Compliance Officer, our Chief Financial Officer and any administrative support staff. |
The Investment Advisory Agreement was initially approved by the Board of Directors of Oxford Lane Capital on [ ], 2010. Unless earlier terminated as described below, the Investment Advisory Agreement will remain in effect for a period of two years from the date it was approved by our Board of Directors and will remain in effect from year to year thereafter if approved annually by our Board of Directors or by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities, including, in either case, approval by a majority of our directors who are not parties to such agreement or who are not interested persons of any such party, as such term is defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act. The Investment Advisory Agreement will automatically terminate in the event of its assignment. The Investment Advisory Agreement may also be terminated by either party without penalty upon not more than 60 days written notice to the other party. See Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure Our investment adviser can resign on 60 days notice.
The Investment Advisory Agreement provides that, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of the reckless disregard of its duties and obligations, Oxford Lane Management and its officers, managers, partners, agents, employees, controlling persons, members and any other person or entity affiliated with it are entitled to indemnification from Oxford Lane Capital for any damages, liabilities, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) arising from the rendering of Oxford Lane Managements services under the Investment Advisory Agreement or otherwise as an investment adviser of Oxford Lane Capital.
Oxford Lane Management is a Connecticut limited liability company that intends to register as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act prior to pricing of this offering. BDC Partners, a Delaware limited
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liability company, is its managing member and provides Oxford Lane Management with all personnel necessary to manage our day-to-day operations and provide the services under the Investment Advisory Agreement. The principal address of Oxford Lane Management and of BDC Partners is 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, Connecticut 06830.
Charles M. Royce is the non-managing member of Oxford Lane Management. Mr. Royce is the President and Chief Investment Officer of Royce & Associates. Mr. Royce has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of TICC Capital Corp. since 2003. Mr. Royce became President and Chief Investment Officer in 1972, and a member of the Board of Managers in 2001, of Royce & Associates. He also manages or co-manages ten of Royce & Associates open-and closed-end registered funds. Mr. Royce serves on the Board of Directors of The Royce Funds. Mr. Royce, as a non-managing member of Oxford Lane Management, does not take part in the management or participate in the operations of Oxford Lane Management; however, Mr. Royce is available to Oxford Lane Management to provide certain consulting services without compensation. Royce & Associates is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legg Mason, Inc.
A discussion regarding the basis for our board of directors approval of our Investment Advisory Agreement will be included in our first annual or semi-annual report filed subsequent to completion of this offering.
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BDC Partners, a Delaware limited liability company, serves as our administrator. The principal executive offices of BDC Partners are located at 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830. Pursuant to an Administration Agreement, BDC Partners furnishes us with office facilities, equipment and clerical, bookkeeping and record keeping services at such facilities. Under the Administration Agreement, BDC Partners also performs, or oversees the performance of, our required administrative services, which include, among other things, being responsible for the financial records which we are required to maintain and preparing reports to our stockholders. In addition, BDC Partners assists us in determining and publishing our net asset value, oversees the preparation and filing of our tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our stockholders, and generally oversees the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others. Payments under the Administration Agreement are equal to an amount based upon our allocable portion of BDC Partners overhead in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent, the fees and expenses associated with performing compliance functions and our allocable portion of the compensation of our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Compliance Officer and our allocable portion of the compensation of any administrative support staff. The Administration Agreement may be terminated by either party without penalty upon 60 days written notice to the other party.
BDC Partners will also provide administrative services to our investment adviser, Oxford Lane Management. As a result, Oxford Lane Management will also reimburse BDC Partners for its allocable portion of BDC Partners overhead, including rent, the fees and expenses associated with performing compliance functions for Oxford Lane Management, and its allocable portion of the compensation of any administrative support staff.
The Administration Agreement provides that, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of the reckless disregard of its duties and obligations, BDC Partners and its officers, managers, partners, agents, employees, controlling persons, members and any other person or entity affiliated with it are entitled to indemnification from Oxford Lane Capital for any damages, liabilities, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) arising from the rendering of BDC Partners services under the Administration Agreement or otherwise as administrator for Oxford Lane Capital.
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We have entered into the Investment Advisory Agreement with Oxford Lane Management. Oxford Lane Management is controlled by BDC Partners, its managing member. In addition to BDC Partners, Oxford Lane Management is owned in part by Charles M. Royce as a non-managing member. BDC Partners, as the managing member of Oxford Lane Management, manages the business and internal affairs of Oxford Lane Management. In addition, BDC Partners provides us with office facilities and administrative services pursuant to the Administration Agreement. Jonathan H. Cohen, our Chief Executive Officer, as well as a director, is the managing member of and controls BDC Partners. Saul B. Rosenthal, our President, is also the President and Chief Operating Officer of TICC Management and a member of BDC Partners. BDC Partners is also the managing member of Oxford Gate Capital, LLC, a private fund in which Messrs. Cohen, Rosenthal and Conroy, along with certain investment and administrative personnel of TICC Management, are invested.
Charles M. Royce is President and Chief Investment Officer of Royce & Associates. Mr. Royce, as a non-managing member of Oxford Lane Management, does not take part in the management or participate in the operations of Oxford Lane Management; however, Mr. Royce is available to Oxford Lane Management to provide certain consulting services without compensation. Royce & Associates is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legg Mason, Inc.
In addition, Mr. Cohen currently serves as Chief Executive Officer and Mr. Rosenthal currently serves as President and Chief Operating Officer of TICC Capital Corp., a public-traded business development company that invests principally in the debt of U.S.-based technology-related companies, and its investment adviser, TICC Management. Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal also currently serve as Chief Executive Officer, and President, respectively, for T2 Advisers, LLC, an investment adviser to Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited, a Guernsey fund that invests primarily in leveraged corporate loans across a variety of industries globally. T2 Advisers, LLC also manages T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd., a CLO vehicle established by Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited. BDC Partners is the managing member of TICC Management, LLC and T2 Advisers, LLC, respectively. As a result, Messrs. Cohen and Rosenthal may be subject to certain conflicts of interests with respect to their management of our portfolio on the one hand, and their respective obligations to manage TICC Capital Corp., Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited,T2 Income Fund CLO I Ltd. and Oxford Gate Capital, LLC on the other hand. In addition, Patrick F. Conroy, our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary, currently serves in similar capacities for TICC Capital Corp. Mr. Conroy also currently serves as the Chief Financial Officer of Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited and as the Chief Financial Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and Treasurer of T2 Advisers, LLC, TICC Management and BDC Partners.
We, TICC Capital Corp., Greenwich Loan Income Fund Limited and Oxford Gate Capital, LLC have adopted a written policy with respect to the allocation of investment opportunities in view of the potential conflicts of interest raised by the relationships described above.
In the ordinary course of business, we may enter into transactions with portfolio companies that may be considered related party transactions. In order to ensure that we do not engage in any prohibited transactions with any persons affiliated with us, we have implemented certain policies and procedures whereby our executive officers screen each of our transactions for any possible affiliations between the proposed portfolio investment, us, companies controlled by us and our employees and directors. We will not enter into any agreements unless and until we are satisfied that doing so will not raise concerns under the 1940 Act or, if such concerns exist, we have taken appropriate actions to seek board review and approval or exemptive relief for such transaction. Our Board of Directors reviews these procedures on an annual basis.
We have also adopted a Code of Ethics which applies to, among others, our senior officers, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as well as every officer, director and employee of Oxford Lane Capital. Our Code of Ethics requires that all employees and directors avoid any conflict, or the appearance of a conflict, between an individuals personal interests and the interests of Oxford Lane Capital. Pursuant to our Code of Ethics, each employee and director must disclose any conflicts of interest, or actions or relationships that might give rise to a conflict, to our Chief Compliance Officer. Our Audit Committee is charged with approving any waivers under our Code of Ethics. As required by the NASDAQ Stock Market corporate governance listing standards, the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors is also required to review and approve any transactions with related parties (as such term is defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K).
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Immediately prior to the completion of this offering, there will be 7500 shares of common stock outstanding and three stockholders of record. At that time, we will have no other shares of capital stock outstanding. The following table sets forth certain ownership information with respect to our common stock for those persons who directly or indirectly own, control or hold with the power to vote, 5% or more of our outstanding common stock and all officers and directors, as a group.
Type of ownership | Immediately prior to this offering |
Immediately after this offering(1) |
||||||||||||||||||
Name | Shares owned |
Percentage | Shares owned |
Percentage | ||||||||||||||||
Charles M. Royce | Record and beneficial | 3750 | 50.0 | % | * | |||||||||||||||
Jonathan Cohen | Record and beneficial | 1875 | 25.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||
Saul Rosenthal | Record and beneficial | 1875 | 25.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||
All officers and directors as a group (7 persons)(2) | Beneficial | 7500 | 50.0 | % | [ ] | [ ]% |
* | Represents less than 1% |
(1) | Assumes issuance of [ ] shares offered hereby, and the purchase in full by the officers and directors, collectively, of the [ ] shares reserved for issuance pursuant to the directed share program. Does not reflect shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of the underwriters over-allotment option. |
(2) | The address for all officers and directors is c/o Oxford Lane Capital Corp., 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830. |
The following table sets forth the dollar range of our equity securities beneficially owned by each of our directors immediately after this offering.
Name of Director | Dollar Range of Equity Securities in Oxford Lane Capital(1) | |||
Interested Directors |
||||
Jonathan H. Cohen | [ ] | |||
Saul Rosenthal | [ ] | |||
Independent Directors |
||||
Mark J. Ashenfelter | [ ] | |||
John Reardon | [ ] | |||
David S. Shin | [ ] |
(1) | Dollar ranges are as follows: None, $1 $10,000, $10,001 $50,000, $50,001 $100,000, or Over $100,000. |
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We are a newly organized, non-diversified closed-end management investment company that has registered as an investment company under the 1940 Act. As a registered closed-end investment company, we are subject to regulation under the 1940 Act. Under the 1940 Act, unless authorized by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities, we may not:
| change our classification to an open-end management investment company; |
| except in each case in accordance with our policies with respect thereto set forth in this prospectus, borrow money, issue senior securities, underwrite securities issued by other persons, purchase or sell real estate or commodities or make loans to other persons; |
| deviate from any policy in respect of concentration of investments in any particular industry or group of industries as recited in this prospectus, deviate from any investment policy which is changeable only if authorized by shareholder vote under the 1940 Act, or deviate from any fundamental policy recited in its registration statement in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act; or |
| change the nature of our business so as to cease to be an investment company. |
A majority of the outstanding voting securities of a company is defined under the 1940 Act as the lesser of: (a) 67% or more of such companys voting securities present at a meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of such company are present or represented by proxy, or (b) more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of such company.
As with other companies regulated by the 1940 Act, a registered closed-end management investment company must adhere to certain substantive regulatory requirements. A majority of our directors must be persons who are not interested persons, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act. Additionally, we will be required to provide and maintain a bond issued by a reputable fidelity insurance company to protect the closed-end management investment company. Furthermore, as a registered closed-end management investment company, we will be prohibited from protecting any director or officer against any liability to us or our stockholders arising from willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such persons office. We may also be prohibited under the 1940 Act from knowingly participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of our directors who are not interested persons and, in some cases, prior approval by the SEC.
As a registered closed-end management investment company, we will generally be required to meet an asset coverage ratio, defined under the 1940 Act as the ratio of our gross assets (less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities) to our outstanding senior securities, of at least 300% after each issuance of senior securities. We are also prohibited from issuing or selling any senior security if, immediately after such issuance, we would have outstanding more than (i) one class of senior security representing indebtedness, exclusive of any promissory notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in consideration of any loan, extension, or renewal thereof, made by a bank or other person and privately arranged, and not intended to be publicly distributed, or (ii) one class of senior security which is stock, except that in each case any such class of indebtedness or stock may be issued in one or more series.
We will generally not be able to issue and sell our common stock at a price below net asset value per share. See Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure Regulations governing our operation as a closed-end investment company affect our ability to, and the way in which we, raise additional capital. We may, however, sell our common stock, or at a price below the then-current net asset value of our common stock if our Board of Directors determines that such sale is in our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders, and our stockholders approve such sale. In addition, we may generally issue new shares of our common stock at a price below net asset value in rights offerings to existing stockholders, in payment of dividends and in certain other limited circumstances.
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As a registered closed-end management investment company, we will generally be limited in our ability to invest in any portfolio company in which our investment adviser or any of its affiliates currently has an investment or to make any co-investments with our investment adviser or its affiliates without an exemptive order from the SEC, subject to certain exceptions.
Although we do not presently expect to do so, we are authorized to borrow funds up to an amount not to exceed the limitations of the 1940 Act to make investments. We may also borrow funds, consistent with the foregoing limitations of the 1940 Act, in order to make the distributions required to maintain our status as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code.
We will be periodically examined by the SEC for compliance with the 1940 Act.
As a registered closed-end management investment company, we will be subject to certain risks and uncertainties. See Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure.
Pending investment in portfolio securities consistent with our investment objective and strategies described in this prospectus, our investments may consist of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or high-quality debt securities maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, which we refer to, collectively, as temporary investments. Typically, we will invest in U.S. Treasury bills or in repurchase agreements, provided that such agreements are fully collateralized by cash or securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies. A repurchase agreement involves the purchase by an investor, such as us, of a specified security and the simultaneous agreement by the seller to repurchase it at an agreed-upon future date and at a price which is greater than the purchase price by an amount that reflects an agreed-upon interest rate. There is no percentage restriction on the proportion of our assets that may be invested in such repurchase agreements. However, if more than 25% of our gross assets constitute repurchase agreements from a single counterparty, we would not meet the diversification tests in order to qualify as a RIC for federal income tax purposes. Thus, we do not intend to enter into repurchase agreements with a single counterparty in excess of this limit. Our investment adviser will monitor the creditworthiness of the counterparties with which we enter into repurchase agreement transactions.
We are permitted, under specified conditions, to issue one class of indebtedness and one class of stock senior to our common stock if our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, is at least equal to 300% immediately after each such issuance. We are also permitted to issue promissory notes or other evidences of indebtedness in consideration of a loan, extension, or renewal thereof, made by a bank or other person and privately arranged, and not intended to be publicly distributed, provided that our asset coverage is at least equal to 300% immediately thereafter. In addition, while any senior securities remain outstanding, we must make provisions to prohibit any distribution to our stockholders or the repurchase of such securities or shares unless we meet the applicable asset coverage ratios at the time of the distribution or repurchase. We may also borrow amounts up to 5% of the value of our gross assets for temporary or emergency purposes without regard to asset coverage. For a discussion of the risks associated with leverage, see Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure We may borrow money, which would magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and may increase the risk of investing in us.
We and Oxford Lane Management have each adopted a code of ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act and Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act, respectively, that establishes procedures for personal investments and restricts certain transactions by our personnel. Our codes of ethics generally do not permit investments by our employees in securities that may be purchased or held by us. You may read and copy these codes of ethics at the SECs Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. In addition, each code of ethics is attached as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and is available on the EDGAR Database on the SECs Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain
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copies of the codes of ethics, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following Email address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing the SECs Public Reference Section, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549.
We and our investment adviser have adopted and implemented written policies and procedures reasonably designed to detect and prevent violation of the federal securities laws and are required to review these compliance policies and procedures annually for their adequacy and the effectiveness of their implementation and designate a Chief Compliance Officer to be responsible for administering the policies and procedures. Patrick F. Conroy currently serves as our Chief Compliance Officer.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 imposes a wide variety of regulatory requirements on publicly-held companies and their insiders. Many of these requirements affect us. For example:
| pursuant to Rule 30a-2 of the 1940 Act, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer must certify the accuracy of the financial statements contained in our periodic reports; |
| pursuant to Item 11 of Form N-CSR and Item 2 Form N-Q, our periodic reports must disclose our conclusions about the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures; |
| pursuant to Item 11 of Form N-CSR and Item 2 Form N-Q, our periodic reports must disclose whether there were significant changes in our internal controls over financial reporting or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to the date of their evaluation, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses. |
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us to review our current policies and procedures to determine whether we comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. We will continue to monitor our compliance with all regulations that are adopted under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and will take actions necessary to ensure that we are in compliance therewith.
The restrictions identified as fundamental below, along with our investment objective, are our only fundamental policies. Fundamental policies may not be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities, as defined in the 1940 Act. The percentage restrictions set forth below, apply at the time a transaction is effected, and a subsequent change in a percentage resulting from market fluctuations or any cause will not require us to dispose of portfolio securities or to take other action to satisfy the percentage restriction.
As a matter of fundamental policy, we will not: (1) act as an underwriter of securities of other issuers (except to the extent that we may be deemed an underwriter of securities we purchase that must be registered under the Securities Act before they may be offered or sold to the public); (2) purchase or sell real estate or interests in real estate or real estate investment trusts (except that we may (A) purchase and sell real estate or interests in real estate in connection with the orderly liquidation of investments, or in connection with foreclosure on collateral, or (B) own the securities of companies that are in the business of buying, selling or developing real estate); (3) sell securities short (except with regard to managing the risks associated with publicly-traded securities we may hold in our portfolio); (4) purchase securities on margin (except to the extent that we may purchase securities with borrowed money); or (5) engage in the purchase or sale of commodities or commodity contracts, including futures contracts (except where necessary in working out distressed investment situations or in hedging the risks associated with interest rate fluctuations), and, in such cases, only after all necessary registrations (or exemptions from registration) with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission have been obtained.
We may invest up to 100% of our assets in securities issued by CLO vehicles and in corporate debt instruments, which may be acquired directly in privately negotiated transactions or in secondary market purchases. With respect to securities we acquired directly in privately negotiated transactions, we may, for the purpose of public resale, be deemed an underwriter as that term is defined in the Securities Act. Our
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intention is to not write (sell) or buy put or call options to manage risks associated with any publicly-traded securities we may hold, except that we may enter into hedging transactions to manage the risks associated with interest rate fluctuations, and, in such cases, only after all necessary registrations (or exemptions from registration) with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission have been obtained. We also do not intend to acquire securities issued by any investment company that exceed the limits imposed by the 1940 Act. Under these limits, unless otherwise permitted by the 1940 Act, we currently cannot acquire more than 3% of the voting securities of any registered investment company, invest more than 5% of the value of our total assets in the securities of one investment company or invest, in the aggregate, in excess of 10% of the value of our total assets in the securities of one or more investment companies. With regard to that portion of our portfolio invested in securities issued by investment companies, it should be noted that such investments might subject our stockholders to additional expenses.
We have delegated our proxy voting responsibility to Oxford Lane Management. The Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures of Oxford Lane Management are set forth below. The guidelines will be reviewed periodically by Oxford Lane Management and our non-interested directors, and, accordingly, are subject to change. For purposes of these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures described below, we, our and us refers to Oxford Lane Management.
An investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act has a fiduciary duty to act solely in the best interests of its clients. As part of this duty, we recognize that we must vote client securities in a timely manner free of conflicts of interest and in the best interests of our clients.
These policies and procedures for voting proxies for our investment advisory clients are intended to comply with Section 206 of, and Rule 206(4)-6 under, the Advisers Act.
We will vote proxies relating to our portfolio securities in what we perceive to be the best interest of our clients stockholders. We will review on a case-by-case basis each proposal submitted to a stockholder vote to determine its impact on the portfolio securities held by our clients. Although we will generally vote against proposals that may have a negative impact on our clients portfolio securities, we may vote for such a proposal if there exist compelling long-term reasons to do so.
Our proxy voting decisions will be made by the senior officers who are responsible for monitoring each of our clients investments. To ensure that our vote is not the product of a conflict of interest, we will require that: (1) anyone involved in the decision making process disclose to our managing members any potential conflict that he or she is aware of and any contact that he or she has had with any interested party regarding a proxy vote; and (2) employees involved in the decision making process or vote administration are prohibited from revealing how we intend to vote on a proposal in order to reduce any attempted influence from interested parties.
You may obtain information about how we voted proxies by making a written request for proxy voting information to: Oxford Lane Management, LLC, 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830.
We are committed to protecting your privacy. This privacy notice, which is required by federal law, explains privacy policies of Oxford Lane Capital Corp. and its affiliated companies. This notice supersedes any other privacy notice you may have received from Oxford Lane Capital Corp., and its terms apply both to our current stockholders and to former stockholders as well.
We will safeguard, according to strict standards of security and confidentiality, all information we receive about you. With regard to this information, we maintain procedural safeguards that comply with federal standards.
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Our goal is to limit the collection and use of information about you. When you purchase shares of our common stock, our transfer agent collects personal information about you, such as your name, address, social security number or tax identification number.
This information is used only so that we can send you annual reports, proxy statements and other information required by law, and to send you information we believe may be of interest to you.
We do not share such information with any non-affiliated third party except as described below:
| It is our policy that only authorized employees of our investment adviser, Oxford Lane Management, LLC, who need to know your personal information will have access to it. |
| We may disclose stockholder-related information to companies that provide services on our behalf, such as record keeping, processing your trades, and mailing you information. These companies are required to protect your information and use it solely for the purpose for which they received it. |
| If required by law, we may disclose stockholder-related information in accordance with a court order or at the request of government regulators. Only that information required by law, subpoena, or court order will be disclosed. |
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We will determine the net asset value per share of our common stock by dividing the value of our portfolio investments, cash and other assets (including interest accrued but not collected) less all its liabilities (including accrued expenses, borrowings and interest payables) by the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on a quarterly basis. The most significant estimate inherent in the preparation of our financial statements will be the valuation of investments and the related amounts of unrealized appreciation and depreciation of investments recorded. There is no single method for determining fair value in good faith. As a result, determining fair value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances of each portfolio investment while employing a consistently applied valuation process for the types of investments we make. We will be required to specifically fair value each individual investment on a quarterly basis.
Our Board of Directors will determine the value of our investment portfolio each quarter, after consideration of our Valuation Committee's recommendation of fair value. Oxford Lane Management will compile relevant information, including a financial summary, covenant compliance review and recent trading activity in the security, if known. All available information, including non-binding indicative bids which may not be considered reliable, will be presented to the Valuation Committee to consider in making its recommendation of fair value to the Board of Directors. In some instances, there may be limited trading activity in a security even though the market for the security is considered not active. In such cases the Valuation Committee will consider the number of trades, the size and timing of each trade, and other circumstances around such trades, to the extent such information is available, in making its recommendation of fair value to the Board of Directors. We may elect to engage third-party valuation firms to provide assistance to our Valuation Committee and Board of Directors in valuing certain of our investments. The Valuation Committee will evaluate the impact of such additional information, and factor it into its consideration of fair value.
In connection with any future offering of shares of our common stock, our Board of Directors or a committee thereof will be required to make the determination that we are not selling shares of our common stock at a price below the then current net asset value of our common stock at the time at which the sale is made. Our Board of Directors will consider the following factors, among others, in making such determination:
| the net asset value of our common stock disclosed in the most recent periodic report that we filed with the SEC; |
| our managements assessment of whether any material change in the net asset value of our common stock has occurred (including through the realization of gains on the sale of our portfolio securities) during the period beginning on the date of the most recently disclosed net asset value of our common stock and ending two days prior to the date of the sale of our common stock; and |
| the magnitude of the difference between (i) the net asset value of our common stock disclosed in the most recent periodic report that we filed with the SEC and our managements assessment of any material change in the net asset value of our common stock since the date of the most recently disclosed net asset value of our common stock, and (ii) the offering price of the shares of our common stock in the proposed offering. |
Importantly, this determination will not require that we calculate the net asset value of our common stock in connection with each offering of shares of our common stock, but instead it will involve the determination by our Board of Directors or a committee thereof that we are not selling shares of our common stock at a price below the then current net asset value of our common stock at the time at which the sale is made.
Moreover, to the extent that there is even a remote possibility that we may (i) issue shares of our common stock at a price below the then current net asset value of our common stock at the time at which the sale is made or (ii) trigger the undertaking (which we provide in certain registration statements we file with the SEC) to suspend the offering of shares of our common stock pursuant to this prospectus if the net asset value of our common stock fluctuates by certain amounts in certain circumstances until the prospectus is
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amended, our Board of Directors will elect, in the case of clause (i) above, either to postpone the offering until such time that there is no longer the possibility of the occurrence of such event or to undertake to determine the net asset value of our common stock within two days prior to any such sale to ensure that such sale will not be below our then current net asset value, and, in the case of clause (ii) above, to comply with such undertaking or to undertake to determine the net asset value of our common stock to ensure that such undertaking has not been triggered.
These processes and procedures are part of our compliance policies and procedures. Records will be made contemporaneously with all determinations described in this section and these records will be maintained with other records that we are required to maintain under the 1940 Act.
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We have adopted a dividend reinvestment plan that provides for reinvestment of our dividends and other distributions on behalf of our stockholders, unless a stockholder elects to receive cash as provided below. As a result, if our Board of Directors authorizes, and we declare, a cash distribution, our stockholders who have not opted out of our dividend reinvestment plan will have their cash distributions automatically reinvested in additional shares of our common stock, rather than receiving the cash distributions.
No action will be required on the part of a registered stockholder to have his cash distribution reinvested in shares of our common stock. A registered stockholder may elect to receive an entire distribution in cash by notifying [ ], the plan administrator and our transfer agent and registrar, in writing so that such notice is received by the plan administrator no later than the record date for distributions to stockholders. The plan administrator will set up an account for shares acquired through the plan for each stockholder who has not elected to receive distributions in cash and hold such shares in non-certificated form. Upon request by a stockholder participating in the plan, received in writing not less than 10 days prior to the record date, the plan administrator will, instead of crediting shares to the participants account, issue a certificate registered in the participants name for the number of whole shares of our common stock and a check for any fractional share.
Those stockholders whose shares are held by a broker or other financial intermediary may receive distributions in cash by notifying their broker or other financial intermediary of their election.
We intend to use primarily newly issued shares to implement the plan, whether our shares are trading at a premium or at a discount to net asset value. However, we reserve the right to purchase shares in the open market in connection with our implementation of the plan. If we declare a distribution to stockholders, the plan administrator may be instructed not to credit accounts with newly-issued shares and instead to buy shares in the market if (i) the price at which newly-issued shares are to be credited does not exceed 110% of the last determined net asset value of the shares; or (ii) we have advised the plan administrator that since such net asset value was last determined, we have become aware of events that indicate the possibility of a material change in per share net asset value as a result of which the net asset value of the shares on the payment date might be higher than the price at which the plan administrator would credit newly-issued shares to stockholders. The number of shares to be issued to a stockholder is determined by dividing the total dollar amount of the distribution payable to such stockholder by the market price per share of our common stock at the close of regular trading on the valuation date for such distribution. Market price per share on that date will be the closing price for such shares on the national securities exchange on which our shares are then listed or, if no sale is reported for such day, at the average of their reported bid and asked prices. The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after giving effect to payment of the distribution cannot be established until the value per share at which additional shares will be issued has been determined and elections of our stockholders have been tabulated.
There will be no brokerage charges or other charges to stockholders who participate in the plan. The plan administrators fees under the plan will be paid by us. If a participant elects by written notice to the plan administrator to have the plan administrator sell part or all of the shares held by the plan administrator in the participants account and remit the proceeds to the participant, the plan administrator is authorized to deduct a transaction fee of $[ ] plus a per share brokerage commissions from the proceeds.
Stockholders who receive distributions in the form of stock are subject to the same federal, state and local tax consequences as are stockholders who elect to receive their distributions in cash. A stockholders basis for determining gain or loss upon the sale of stock received in a distribution from us will be equal to the total dollar amount of the distribution payable to the stockholder. Any stock received in a distribution will have a new holding period for tax purposes commencing on the day following the day on which the shares are credited to the U.S. stockholders account.
The plan may be terminated by us upon notice in writing mailed to each participant at least 30 days prior to any record date for the payment of any distribution by us. All correspondence concerning the plan should be directed to the plan administrator by mail at [ ] or by phone at [ ].
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The following discussion is a general summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to us and to an investment in our shares. This summary does not purport to be a complete description of the income tax considerations applicable to such an investment. For example, we have not described tax consequences that may be relevant to certain types of holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws, including stockholders subject to the alternative minimum tax, tax-exempt organizations, insurance companies, dealers in securities, a trader in securities that elects to use a market-to-market method of accounting for its securities holdings, pension plans and trusts, and financial institutions. This summary assumes that investors hold our common stock as capital assets (within the meaning of the Code). The discussion is based upon the Code, Treasury regulations, and administrative and judicial interpretations, each as of the date of this prospectus and all of which are subject to change, possibly retroactively, which could affect the continuing validity of this discussion. We have not sought and will not seek any ruling from the Internal Revenue Service regarding this offering. This summary does not discuss any aspects of U.S. estate or gift tax or foreign, state or local tax. It does not discuss the special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws that could result if we invested in tax-exempt securities or certain other investment assets.
A U.S. stockholder generally is a beneficial owner of shares of our common stock who is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
| A citizen or individual resident of the United States; |
| A corporation or other entity treated as a corporation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof (and an entity organized outside of the United States that is treated as a U.S. corporation under specialized sections of the Code); |
| A trust if a court within the United States is asked to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantive decisions of the trust (or a trust that has made a valid election to be treated as a U.S. trust); or |
| An estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source. |
A Non-U.S. stockholder generally is a beneficial owner of shares of our common stock who is not a U.S. stockholder.
If a partnership (including an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds shares of our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A prospective stockholder that is a partner of a partnership holding shares of our common stock should consult his, her or its tax advisers with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares of our common stock.
Tax matters are complicated and the tax consequences to an investor of an investment in our shares will depend on the facts of his, her or its particular situation. We encourage investors to consult their own tax advisers regarding the specific consequences of such an investment, including tax reporting requirements, the applicability of federal, state, local and foreign tax laws, eligibility for the benefits of any applicable tax treaty and the effect of any possible changes in the tax laws.
We intend to elect to be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level federal income taxes on any income that we distribute to our stockholders as dividends. To qualify as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements (as described below). In addition, in order to be eligible for pass-through tax treatment as a RIC, we must distribute to our stockholders, for each taxable year, at least 90% of our investment company taxable income, which is generally our net ordinary income plus the excess of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses (the Annual Distribution Requirement).
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If we:
| qualify as a RIC; and |
| satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, |
then we will not be subject to federal income tax on the portion of our income we distribute (or are deemed to distribute) to stockholders. We will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the regular corporate rates on any income or capital gains not distributed (or deemed distributed) to our stockholders.
We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible federal excise tax on certain undistributed income unless we distribute in a timely manner an amount at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of our net ordinary income for each calendar year, (2) 98% of our capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 in that calendar year and (3) any income recognized, but not distributed, in preceding years (the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement). We generally will endeavor in each year to make sufficient distributions to our stockholders to avoid any U.S. federal excise tax on our earnings.
In order to qualify as a RIC for federal income tax purposes, we must, among other things:
| continue to qualify as a business development company under the 1940 Act at all times during each taxable year; |
| derive in each taxable year at least 90% of our gross income from dividends, interest, payments with respect to loans of certain securities, gains from the sale of stock or other securities, net income from certain qualified publicly traded partnerships, or other income derived with respect to our business of investing in such stock or securities (the 90% Income Test); and |
| diversify our holdings so that at the end of each quarter of the taxable year: |
| at least 50% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. Government securities, securities of other RICs, and other securities if such other securities of any one issuer do not represent more than 5% of the value of our assets or more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of the issuer; and |
| no more than 25% of the value of our assets is invested in the securities, other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs, of one issuer, of two or more issuers that are controlled, as determined under applicable Code rules, by us and that are engaged in the same or similar or related trades or businesses, or of certain qualified publicly traded partnerships (the Diversification Tests). |
We may be required to recognize taxable income in circumstances in which we do not receive cash. For example, if we hold debt obligations that are treated under applicable tax rules as having original issue discount (which may arise if we receive warrants in connection with the origination of a loan or possibly in other circumstances), we must include in income each year a portion of the original issue discount that accrues over the life of the obligation, regardless of whether cash representing such income is received by us in the same taxable year. We may also have to include in income other amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as contractual payment-in-kind, or PIK, interest (which represents contractual interest added to the loan balance and due at the end of the loan term) and deferred loan origination fees that are paid after origination of the loan or are paid in non-cash compensation such as warrants or stock. Because any original issue discount or other amounts accrued will be included in our investment company taxable income for the year of accrual, we may be required to make a distribution to our stockholders in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement and the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement, even though we will not have received any corresponding cash amount.
Although we do not presently expect to do so, we are authorized to borrow funds and to sell assets in order to satisfy distribution requirements. However, under the 1940 Act, we are not permitted to make distributions to our stockholders while our debt obligations and other senior securities are outstanding unless certain asset coverage tests are met. See Regulation Senior Securities. Moreover, our ability to dispose of assets to meet our distribution requirements may be limited by (1) the illiquid nature of our portfolio and/or
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(2) other requirements relating to our status as a RIC, including the Diversification Tests. If we dispose of assets in order to meet the Annual Distribution Requirement or the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement, we may make such dispositions at times that, from an investment standpoint, are not advantageous.
Certain of our investment practices may be subject to special and complex U.S. federal income tax provisions that may, among other things: (i) disallow, suspend or otherwise limit the allowance of certain losses or deductions; (ii) convert lower taxed long-term capital gain into higher taxed short-term capital gain or ordinary income; (iii) convert an ordinary loss or a deduction into a capital loss (the deductibility of which is more limited); (iv) cause us to recognize income or gain without a corresponding receipt of cash; (v) adversely affect the time as to when a purchase or sale of securities is deemed to occur; (vi) adversely alter the characterization of certain complex financial transactions; and (vii) produce income that will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross income test described above. We will monitor its transactions and may make certain tax elections in order to mitigate the potential adverse effect of these provisions.
Our investment in foreign securities may be subject to non-U.S. withholding taxes. In that case, our yield on those securities would be decreased. Stockholders will generally not be entitled to claim a credit or deduction with respect to non-U.S. taxes paid by us.
We anticipate that the CLO vehicles in which we invest may constitute passive foreign investment companies (PFICs). If acquire shares in a PFIC (including equity tranche investments in CLO vehicles that are PFICs), we may be subject to federal income tax on a portion of any excess distribution or gain from the disposition of such shares even if such income is distributed as a taxable dividend by us to our stockholders. Additional charges in the nature of interest may be imposed on us in respect of deferred taxes arising from any such excess distributions or gains. If we invest in a PFIC and elect to treat the PFIC as a qualified electing fund under the Code (a QEF), in lieu of the foregoing requirements, we will be required to include in income each year a our proportionate share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gain of the QEF, even if such income is not distributed to us. Alternatively, we can elect to mark-to-market at the end of each taxable year our shares in a PFIC; in this case, we will recognize as ordinary income any increase in the value of such shares, and as ordinary loss any decrease in such value to the extent it does not exceed prior increases included in our income. Under either election, we may be required to recognize in a year income in excess of our distributions from PFICs and our proceeds from dispositions of PFIC stock during that year, and we must distribute such income to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement and the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement.
If we hold more than 10% of the shares in a foreign corporation that is treated as a controlled foreign corporation (CFC) (including equity tranche investments in a CLO vehicle treated as CFC), we may be treated as receiving a deemed distribution (taxable as ordinary income) each year from such foreign corporation in an amount equal to our pro rata share of the corporations income for the tax year (including both ordinary earnings and capital gains), whether or not the corporation makes an actual distribution during such year. This deemed distribution is required to be included in the income of a U.S. Shareholder of a CFC regardless of whether the shareholder has made a QEF election with respect to such CFC. In general, a foreign corporation will be classified as a CFC if more than 50% of the shares of the corporation, measured by reference to combined voting power or value, is owned (directly, indirectly or by attribution) by U.S. Shareholders. A U.S. Shareholder, for this purpose, is any U.S. person that possesses (actually or constructively) 10% or more of the combined voting power of all classes of shares of a corporation. If we are treated as receiving a deemed distribution from a CFC, we will be required to include such distribution in our investment company taxable income regardless of whether we receive any actual distributions from such CFC, and we must distribute such income to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement and the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement.
Under Section 988 of the Code, gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the time we accrue income, expenses or other liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and the time we actually collect such income or pay such expenses or liabilities are generally treated as ordinary income or loss. Similarly, gains or losses on foreign currency forward contracts and the disposition of debt obligations
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denominated in a foreign currency, to the extent attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the acquisition and disposition dates, are also treated as ordinary income or loss.
Gain or loss realized by us from the sale or exchange of warrants acquired by us as well as any loss attributable to the lapse of such warrants generally will be treated as capital gain or loss. The treatment of such gain or loss as long-term or short-term will depend on how long we held a particular warrant. Upon the exercise of a warrant acquired by us, our tax basis in the stock purchased under the warrant will equal the sum of the amount paid for the warrant plus the strike price paid on the exercise of the warrant.
The remainder of this discussion assumes that we qualify as a RIC and have satisfied the Annual Distribution Requirement.
Distributions by us generally are taxable to U.S. stockholders as ordinary income or capital gains. Distributions of our investment company taxable income (which is, generally, our net ordinary income plus realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses) will be taxable as ordinary income to U.S. stockholders to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, whether paid in cash or reinvested in additional common stock. To the extent such distributions paid by us in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011 to non-corporate stockholders (including individuals) are attributable to dividends from U.S. corporations and certain qualified foreign corporations, such distributions (Qualifying Dividends) may be eligible for a maximum tax rate of 15%. In this regard, it is anticipated that distributions paid by us will generally not be attributable to dividends and, therefore, generally will not qualify for the 15% maximum rate applicable to Qualifying Dividends. Distributions of our net capital gains (which are generally our realized net long-term capital gains in excess of realized net short-term capital losses) made in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011 and properly designated by us as capital gain dividends will be taxable to a U.S. stockholder as long-term capital gains that are currently taxable at a maximum rate of 15% in the case of individuals, trusts or estates, regardless of the U.S. stockholders holding period for his, her or its common stock and regardless of whether paid in cash or reinvested in additional common stock. Distributions in excess of our earnings and profits first will reduce a U.S. stockholders adjusted tax basis in such stockholders common stock and, after the adjusted basis is reduced to zero, will constitute capital gains to such U.S. stockholder.
Under the dividend reinvestment plan, our stockholders who have not opted out of our dividend reinvestment plan will have their cash distributions automatically reinvested in additional shares of our common stock, rather than receiving the cash distributions. Any distributions reinvested under the plan will nevertheless remain taxable to U.S. stockholders. A U.S. stockholder will have an adjusted basis in the additional common shares purchased through the plan equal to the amount of the reinvested distribution. The additional shares will have a new holding period commencing on the day following the day on which the shares are credited to the U.S. stockholders account.
We may retain some or all of our realized net long-term capital gains in excess of realized net short-term capital losses, but designate the retained net capital gain as a deemed distribution. In that case, among other consequences, we will pay tax on the retained amount, each U.S. stockholder will be required to include his, her or its share of the deemed distribution in income as if it had been actually distributed to the U.S. stockholder, and the U.S. stockholder will be entitled to claim a credit equal to his, her or its allocable share of the tax paid thereon by us. Because we expect to pay tax on any retained capital gains at our regular corporate tax rate, and because that rate is in excess of the maximum rate currently payable by individuals on long-term capital gains, the amount of tax that individual U.S. stockholders will be treated as having paid will exceed the tax they owe on the capital gain distribution and such excess generally may be refunded or claimed as a credit against the U.S. stockholders other U.S. federal income tax obligations. The amount of the deemed distribution net of such tax will be added to the U.S. stockholders cost basis for his, her or its common stock. In order to utilize the deemed distribution approach, we must provide written notice to our stockholders prior to the expiration of 60 days after the close of the relevant taxable year. We cannot treat any of our investment company taxable income as a deemed distribution.
As a RIC, we will be subject to the alternative minimum tax (AMT), but any items that are treated differently for AMT purposes must be apportioned between us and our stockholders and this may affect our
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stockholders AMT liabilities. Although regulations explaining the precise method of apportionment have not yet been issued by the Internal Revenue Service, we intend in general to apportion these items in the same proportion that dividends paid to each stockholder bear to our taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction), unless we determines that a different method for a particular item is warranted under the circumstances.
For purposes of determining (1) whether the Annual Distribution Requirement is satisfied for any year and (2) the amount of capital gain dividends paid for that year, we may, under certain circumstances, elect to treat a dividend that is paid during the following taxable year as if it had been paid during the taxable year in question. If we make such an election, the U.S. stockholder will still be treated as receiving the dividend in the taxable year in which the distribution is made. However, any dividend declared by us in October, November or December of any calendar year, payable to stockholders of record on a specified date in such a month and actually paid during January of the following year, will be treated as if it had been received by our U.S. stockholders on December 31 of the year in which the dividend was declared.
If an investor purchases shares of our common stock shortly before the record date of a distribution, the price of the shares will include the value of the distribution and the investor will be subject to tax on the distribution even though economically it may represent a return of his, her or its investment.
A stockholder generally will recognize taxable gain or loss if the stockholder sells or otherwise disposes of his, her or its shares of our common stock. The amount of gain or loss will be measured by the difference between such stockholders adjusted tax basis in the common stock sold and the amount of the proceeds received in exchange. Any gain arising from such sale or disposition generally will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the stockholder has held his, her or its shares for more than one year. Otherwise, it will be classified as short-term capital gain or loss. However, any capital loss arising from the sale or disposition of shares of our common stock held for six months or less will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of the amount of capital gain dividends received, or undistributed capital gain deemed received, with respect to such shares. In addition, all or a portion of any loss recognized upon a disposition of shares of our common stock may be disallowed if other shares of our common stock are purchased (whether through reinvestment of distributions or otherwise) within 30 days before or after the disposition.
In general, individual U.S. stockholders currently are subject to a maximum federal income tax rate of 15% on their net capital gain (i.e., the excess of realized net long-term capital gains over realized net short-term capital losses) recognized in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, including any long-term capital gain derived from an investment in our shares. Such rate is lower than the maximum rate on ordinary income currently payable by individuals. The maximum rate on long-term capital gains for non-corporate taxpayers is scheduled to return to 20% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2010. In addition, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, individuals with income in excess of $200,000 ($250,000 in the case of married individuals filing jointly) and certain estates and trusts are subject to an additional 3.8% tax on their net investment income, which generally includes net income from interest, dividends, annuities, royalties, and rents, and net capital gains (other than certain amounts earned from trades or businesses). Corporate U.S. stockholders currently are subject to federal income tax on net capital gain at the maximum 35% rate also applied to ordinary income. Non-corporate stockholders with net capital losses for a year (i.e., capital losses in excess of capital gains) generally may deduct up to $3,000 of such losses against their ordinary income each year; any net capital losses of a non-corporate stockholder in excess of $3,000 generally may be carried forward and used in subsequent years as provided in the Code. Corporate stockholders generally may not deduct any net capital losses for a year, but may carry back such losses for three years or carry forward such losses for five years.
We will send to each of our U.S. stockholders, as promptly as possible after the end of each calendar year, a notice detailing, on a per share and per distribution basis, the amounts includible in such U.S. stockholders taxable income for such year as ordinary income and as long-term capital gain. In addition, the federal tax status of each years distributions generally will be reported to the Internal Revenue Service (including the amount of dividends, if any, eligible for the 15% maximum rate). Dividends paid by us generally will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction or the preferential tax rate applicable to
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Qualifying Dividends because our income generally will not consist of dividends. Distributions may also be subject to additional state, local and foreign taxes depending on a U.S. stockholders particular situation.
We may be required to withhold federal income tax (backup withholding) currently at a rate of 28% from all taxable distributions to any U.S. stockholder (other than a corporation, a financial institution, or a stockholder that otherwise qualifies for an exemption) (1) who fails to furnish us with a correct taxpayer identification number or a certificate that such stockholder is exempt from backup withholding or (2) with respect to whom the Internal Revenue Service notifies us that such stockholder has failed to properly report certain interest and dividend income to the Internal Revenue Service and to respond to notices to that effect. An individuals taxpayer identification number is his or her social security number. Any amount withheld under backup withholding is allowed as a credit against the U.S. stockholders federal income tax liability, provided that proper information is provided to the Internal Revenue Service.
Whether an investment in the shares is appropriate for a Non-U.S. stockholder will depend upon that persons particular circumstances. An investment in the shares by a Non-U.S. stockholder may have adverse tax consequences. Non-U.S. stockholders should consult their tax advisers before investing in our common stock.
Distributions of our investment company taxable income to Non-U.S. stockholders (including interest income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized long-term capital losses, which generally would be free of withholding if paid to Non-U.S. stockholders directly) will be subject to withholding of federal tax at a 30% rate (or lower rate provided by an applicable treaty) to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits unless an applicable exception applies. If the distributions are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the Non-U.S. stockholder, we will not be required to withhold federal tax if the Non-U.S. stockholder complies with applicable certification and disclosure requirements, although the distributions will be subject to federal income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. persons. (Special certification requirements apply to a Non-U.S. stockholder that is a foreign partnership or a foreign trust, and such entities are urged to consult their own tax advisers.)
In addition, for taxable years prior to December 31, 2009, U.S. source withholding taxes were not imposed on dividends paid by RICs to the extent the dividends were designated as interest-related dividends or short-term capital gain dividends. Under this exemption, interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends generally represent distributions of interest or short-term capital gains that would not have been subject to U.S. withholding tax at the source if they had been received directly by a foreign person, and that satisfy certain other requirements. The exemption applies to dividends with respect to taxable years of RICs beginning before January 1, 2010. Although both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives have passed a version of a bill that would extend this exception to taxable years ending prior to January 1, 2011, no assurance can be given as to whether this extension of the exemption will ultimately be enacted or whether any of our distributions will be designated as eligible for this exemption from withholding tax.
Actual or deemed distributions of our net capital gains to a stockholder that is a non-U.S. stockholder, and gains realized by a non-U.S. stockholder upon the sale or redemption of our common stock, will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax unless the distributions or gains, as the case may be, are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. stockholder (and, if an income tax treaty applies, are attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the non-U.S. stockholder in the United States,) or, in the case of an individual, the non-U.S. stockholder was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and certain other conditions are met.
If we distribute our net capital gains in the form of deemed rather than actual distributions, a stockholder that is a non-U.S. stockholder will be entitled to a U.S. federal income tax credit or tax refund equal to the stockholders allocable share of the corporate-level tax we pay on the capital gains deemed to have been distributed; however, in order to obtain the refund, the non-U.S. stockholder must obtain a U.S. taxpayer identification number and file a U.S. federal income tax return even if the non-U.S. stockholder would not otherwise be required to obtain a U.S. taxpayer identification number or file a U.S. federal income tax return.
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For a corporate non-U.S. stockholder, distributions (both actual and deemed), and gains realized upon the sale or redemption of our common stock that are effectively connected to a U.S. trade or business may, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate (or at a lower rate if provided for by an applicable treaty).
Under the dividend reinvestment plan, our stockholders who have not opted out of our dividend reinvestment plan will have their cash distributions automatically reinvested in additional shares of our common stock, rather than receiving the cash distributions. If the distribution is a distribution of our investment company taxable income, is not properly designated by us as a short-term capital gains dividend or interest-related dividend (assuming extension of the exemption discussed above), and it is not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. stockholder (and, if a treaty applies, is not attributable to a permanent establishment), the amount distributed (to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits) will be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at a 30% rate (or lower rate provided by an applicable treaty) and only the net after-tax amount will be reinvested in common shares. If the distribution is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. stockholder, generally the full amount of the distribution will be reinvested in the plan and will nevertheless be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the ordinary income rates applicable to U.S. persons. The non-U.S. stockholder will have an adjusted basis in the additional common shares purchased through the plan equal to the amount reinvested. The additional shares will have a new holding period commencing on the day following the day on which the shares are credited to the non-U.S. stockholders account.
A Non-U.S. stockholder who is a non-resident alien individual, and who is otherwise subject to withholding of federal tax, may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding of federal income tax on dividends unless the Non-U.S. stockholder provides us or the dividend paying agent with an IRS Form W-8BEN (or an acceptable substitute form) or otherwise meets documentary evidence requirements for establishing that it is a Non-U.S. stockholder or otherwise establishes an exemption from backup withholding.
Recently enacted legislation that becomes effective after December 31, 2012, generally imposes a 30% withholding tax on payments of certain types of income to foreign financial institutions that fail to enter into an agreement with the United States Treasury to report certain required information with respect to accounts held by United States persons (or held by foreign entities that have United States persons as substantial owners). The types of income subject to the tax include U.S. source interest and dividends and the gross proceeds from the sale of any property that could produce U.S.-source interest or dividends. The information required to be reported includes the identity and taxpayer identification number of each account holder that is a U.S. person and transaction activity within the holders account. In addition, subject to certain exceptions, this legislation also imposes a 30% withholding on payments to foreign entities that are not financial institutions unless the foreign entity certifies that it does not have a 10% or greater U.S. owner or provides the withholding agent with identifying information on each 10% or greater U.S. owner. When these provisions become effective, depending on the status of a Non-U.S. Holder and the status of the intermediaries through which they hold their units, Non-U.S. Holders could be subject to this 30% withholding tax with respect to distributions on their units and proceeds from the sale of their units. Under certain circumstances, a Non-U.S. Holder might be eligible for refunds or credits of such taxes.
Non-U.S. persons should consult their own tax advisers with respect to the U.S. federal income tax and withholding tax, and state, local and foreign tax consequences of an investment in the shares.
If we were unable to qualify for treatment as a RIC, we would be subject to tax on all of our taxable income at regular corporate rates, regardless of whether we make any distributions to our stockholders. Distributions would not be required, and any distributions made in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011 would be taxable to our stockholders as ordinary dividend income, and provided that certain holding periods and other requirements are met, could be eligible for the 15% maximum rate to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. Subject to certain limitations under the Code, corporate distributees would be eligible for the dividends-received deduction. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits would be treated first as a return of capital to the extent of the stockholders tax basis, and any remaining distributions would be treated as a capital gain. To requalify as a RIC in a
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subsequent taxable year, we would be required to satisfy the RIC qualification requirements for that year and dispose of any earnings and profits from any year in which we failed to qualify as a RIC. Subject to a limited exception applicable to RICs that qualified as such under Subchapter M of the Code for at least one year prior to disqualification and that requalify as a RIC no later than the second year following the non-qualifying year, we could be subject to tax on any unrealized net built-in gains in the assets held by it during the period in which it failed to qualify as a RIC that are recognized within the subsequent 10 years, unless we made a special election to pay corporate-level tax on such built-in gain at the time of its requalification as a RIC.
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The following description is based on relevant portions of the Maryland General Corporation Law and on our charter and bylaws. This summary is not necessarily complete, and we refer you to the Maryland General Corporation Law and our charter and bylaws for a more detailed description of the provisions summarized below.
The authorized stock of Oxford Lane Capital consists of 100,000,000 shares of stock, par value $0.01 per share, all of which are initially designated as common stock. We have applied to list our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol OXLC. There are no outstanding options or warrants to purchase our stock. No stock has been authorized for issuance under any equity compensation plans. Under Maryland law, our stockholders generally are not personally liable for our debts or obligations.
The following are our outstanding classes of securities as of June , 2010:
(1) Title of Class |
(2) Amount Authorized |
(3) Amount Held by Us or for Our Account |
(4) Amount Outstanding Exclusive of Amounts Shown Under (3) |
|||||||||
Common stock | 100,000,000 | | 7500 |
Under our charter our Board of Directors is authorized to classify and reclassify any unissued shares of stock into other classes or series of stock without obtaining stockholder approval. As permitted by the Maryland General Corporation Law, our charter provides that the Board of Directors, without any action by our stockholders, may amend the charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue.
All shares of our common stock have equal rights as to earnings, assets, voting, and dividends and, when they are issued, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. Distributions may be paid to the holders of our common stock if, as and when authorized by our Board of Directors and declared by us out of assets legally available therefor. Shares of our common stock have no preemptive, conversion or redemption rights and are freely transferable, except where their transfer is restricted by federal and state securities laws or by contract. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, each share of our common stock would be entitled to share ratably in all of our assets that are legally available for distribution after we pay all debts and other liabilities and subject to any preferential rights of holders of our preferred stock, if any preferred stock is outstanding at such time. Each share of our common stock is entitled to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of directors. Except as provided with respect to any other class or series of stock, the holders of our common stock will possess exclusive voting power. There is no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which means that holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of common stock can elect all of our directors, and holders of less than a majority of such shares will be unable to elect any director.
Our charter authorizes our Board of Directors to classify and reclassify any unissued shares of stock into other classes or series of stock, including preferred stock. The cost of any such reclassification would be borne by our existing common stockholders. Prior to issuance of shares of each class or series, the Board of Directors is required by Maryland law and by our charter to set the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for each class or series. Thus, the Board of Directors could authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions which could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. You should note, however, that any issuance of preferred stock must comply with the requirements of the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act requires, among other things, that
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(1) immediately after issuance and before any dividend or other distribution is made with respect to our common stock and before any purchase of common stock is made, such preferred stock together with all other senior securities must not exceed an amount equal to 50% of our gross assets after deducting the amount of such dividend, distribution or purchase price, as the case may be, and (2) the holders of shares of preferred stock, if any are issued, must be entitled as a class to elect two directors at all times and to elect a majority of the directors if dividends on such preferred stock are in arrears by two full years or more. Certain matters under the 1940 Act require the separate vote of the holders of any issued and outstanding preferred stock. For example, holders of preferred stock would vote separately from the holders of common stock on a proposal to cease operations as a business development company. We believe that the availability for issuance of preferred stock will provide us with increased flexibility in structuring future financings and acquisitions. However, we do not currently have any plans to issue preferred stock.
Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from (a) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (b) active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action. Our charter contains such a provision which eliminates directors and officers liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, subject to the requirements of the 1940 Act.
Our charter authorizes us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law and subject to the requirements of the 1940 Act, to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while serving as our director or officer and at our request, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee, from and against any claim or liability to which that person may become subject or which that person may incur by reason of his or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse their reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. Our bylaws obligate us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law and subject to the requirements of the 1940 Act, to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while serving as our director or officer and at our request, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee and who is made, or threatened to be made, a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity from and against any claim or liability to which that person may become subject or which that person may incur by reason of his or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. The charter and bylaws also permit us to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who served a predecessor of us in any of the capacities described above and any of our employees or agents or any employees or agents of our predecessor. In accordance with the 1940 Act, we will not indemnify any person for any liability to which such person would be subject by reason of such persons willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office.
Maryland law requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service in that capacity. Maryland law permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established that (a) the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and (1) was committed in bad faith or (2) was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, (b) the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services or (c) in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. However, under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis that a personal benefit was improperly received unless, in either, case a court orders indemnification, and then only for expenses. In addition, Maryland law permits a corporation to advance
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reasonable expenses to a director or officer in advance of final disposition of a proceeding upon the corporations receipt of (a) a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation and (b) a written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met.
We have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors. The indemnification agreements provide our directors the maximum indemnification permitted under Maryland law and the 1940 Act.
Our insurance policy does not currently provide coverage for claims, liabilities and expenses that may arise out of activities that our present or former directors or officers have performed for another entity at our request. There is no assurance that such entities will in fact carry such insurance. However, we note that we do not expect to request our present or former directors or officers to serve another entity as a director, officer, partner or trustee unless we can obtain insurance providing coverage for such persons for any claims, liabilities or expenses that may arise out of their activities while serving in such capacities.
The Maryland General Corporation Law and our charter and bylaws contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a potential acquirer to acquire us by means of a tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise. These provisions are expected to discourage certain coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to negotiate first with our Board of Directors. We believe that the benefits of these provisions outweigh the potential disadvantages of discouraging any such acquisition proposals because, among other things, the negotiation of such proposals may improve their terms.
Our Board of Directors will be divided into three classes of directors serving staggered three-year terms. The initial terms of the first, second and third classes will expire in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively, and in each case, those directors will serve until their successors are elected and qualify. Beginning in 2011, upon expiration of their current terms, directors of each class will be elected to serve for three-year terms and until their successors are duly elected and qualify and each year one class of directors will be elected by the stockholders. A classified board may render a change in control of us or removal of our incumbent management more difficult. We believe, however, that the longer time required to elect a majority of a classified Board of Directors will help to ensure the continuity and stability of our management and policies.
Our charter and bylaws provide that the affirmative vote of the holders of a plurality of the outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote in the election of directors cast at a meeting of stockholders duly called and at which a quorum is present will be required to elect a director. Pursuant to our charter our Board of Directors may amend the bylaws to alter the vote required to elect directors.
Our charter provides that the number of directors will be set only by the Board of Directors in accordance with our bylaws. Our bylaws provide that a majority of our entire Board of Directors may at any time increase or decrease the number of directors. However, unless our bylaws are amended, the number of directors may never be less than one nor more than nine. Our charter provides that, at such time as we have at least three independent directors and our common stock is registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, we elect to be subject to the provision of Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the Maryland General Corporation Law regarding the filling of vacancies on the Board of Directors. Accordingly, at such time, except as may be provided by the Board of Directors in setting the terms of any class or series of preferred stock, any and all vacancies on the Board of Directors may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors in office, even if the remaining directors do not constitute a quorum, and any director elected to fill a vacancy will serve for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which the vacancy occurred and until a successor is elected and qualifies, subject to any applicable requirements of the 1940 Act.
Our charter provides that a director may be removed only for cause, as defined in our charter, and then only by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors.
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Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, stockholder action can be taken only at an annual or special meeting of stockholders or (unless the charter provides for stockholder action by less than unanimous written consent, which our charter does not) by unanimous written consent in lieu of a meeting. These provisions, combined with the requirements of our bylaws regarding the calling of a stockholder-requested special meeting of stockholders discussed below, may have the effect of delaying consideration of a stockholder proposal until the next annual meeting.
Our bylaws provide that with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders, nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors and the proposal of business to be considered by stockholders may be made only (1) pursuant to our notice of the meeting, (2) by the Board of Directors or (3) by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has complied with the advance notice procedures of our bylaws. With respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in our notice of the meeting may be brought before the meeting. Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors at a special meeting may be made only (1) pursuant to our notice of the meeting, (2) by the Board of Directors or (3) provided that the Board of Directors has determined that directors will be elected at the meeting, by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has complied with the advance notice provisions of the bylaws.
The purpose of requiring stockholders to give us advance notice of nominations and other business is to afford our Board of Directors a meaningful opportunity to consider the qualifications of the proposed nominees and the advisability of any other proposed business and, to the extent deemed necessary or desirable by our Board of Directors, to inform stockholders and make recommendations about such qualifications or business, as well as to provide a more orderly procedure for conducting meetings of stockholders. Although our bylaws do not give our Board of Directors any power to disapprove stockholder nominations for the election of directors or proposals recommending certain action, they may have the effect of precluding a contest for the election of directors or the consideration of stockholder proposals if proper procedures are not followed and of discouraging or deterring a third party from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors or to approve its own proposal without regard to whether consideration of such nominees or proposals might be harmful or beneficial to us and our stockholders.
Our bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders may be called by our Board of Directors and certain of our officers. Additionally, our bylaws provide that, subject to the satisfaction of certain procedural and informational requirements by the stockholders requesting the meeting, a special meeting of stockholders will be called by the secretary of the corporation upon the written request of stockholders entitled to cast not less than a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting.
Under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge, sell all or substantially all of its assets, engage in a share exchange or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business, unless approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders entitled to cast at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. However, a Maryland corporation may provide in its charter for approval of these matters by a lesser percentage, but not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our charter generally provides for approval of charter amendments and extraordinary transactions by the stockholders entitled to cast at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our charter also provides that certain charter amendments, any proposal for our conversion, whether by charter amendment, merger or otherwise, from a closed-end company to an open-end company and any proposal for our liquidation or dissolution requires the approval of the stockholders entitled to cast at least 80% of the votes entitled to be cast on such matter. However, if such amendment or proposal is approved by a majority of our continuing directors (in addition to approval by our Board of Directors), such amendment or proposal may be approved by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast on such a matter. In either event, in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act, any such amendment or proposal that would have the effect of changing the nature of our business so as to cause us to cease to be a registered
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management investment company would be required to be approved by a majority of our outstanding voting securities, as defined under the 1940 Act. The continuing directors are defined in our charter as (1) our current directors, (2) those directors whose nomination for election by the stockholders or whose election by the directors to fill vacancies is approved by a majority of our current directors then on the Board of Directors or (3) any successor directors whose nomination for election by the stockholders or whose election by the directors to fill vacancies is approved by a majority of continuing directors or the successor continuing directors then in office.
Our charter and bylaws provide that the Board of Directors will have the exclusive power to make, alter, amend or repeal any provision of our bylaws.
Except with respect to appraisal rights arising in connection with the Control Share Act discussed below, as permitted by the Maryland General Corporation Law, our charter provides that stockholders will not be entitled to exercise appraisal rights unless a majority of the Board of Directors shall determine such rights apply.
The Maryland General Corporation Law provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter (the Control Share Act). Shares owned by the acquirer, by officers or by directors who are employees of the corporation are excluded from shares entitled to vote on the matter. Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquirer or in respect of which the acquirer is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquirer to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power:
| one-tenth or more but less than one-third; |
| one-third or more but less than a majority; or |
| a majority or more of all voting power. |
The requisite stockholder approval must be obtained each time an acquirer crosses one of the thresholds of voting power set forth above. Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control shares, subject to certain exceptions.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition may compel the Board of Directors of the corporation to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting rights of the shares. The right to compel the calling of a special meeting is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including an undertaking to pay the expenses of the meeting. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then the corporation may redeem for fair value any or all of the control shares, except those for which voting rights have previously been approved. The right of the corporation to redeem control shares is subject to certain conditions and limitations, including, as provided in our bylaws compliance with the 1940 Act. Fair value is determined, without regard to the absence of voting rights for the control shares, as of the date of the last control share acquisition by the acquirer or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of the shares are considered and not approved. If voting rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquirer becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid by the acquirer in the control share acquisition.
The Control Share Act does not apply (a) to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or (b) to acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or
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bylaws of the corporation. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the Control Share Act any and all acquisitions by any person of our shares of stock. There can be no assurance that such provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future. However, we will amend our bylaws to be subject to the Control Share Act only if the Board of Directors determines that it would be in our best interests and if the SEC staff does not object to our determination that our being subject to the Control Share Act does not conflict with the 1940 Act.
Under Maryland law, business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder (the Business Combination Act). These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:
| any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the corporations outstanding voting stock; or |
| an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation. |
A person is not an interested stockholder under this statute if the Board of Directors approved in advance the transaction by which the stockholder otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board.
After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:
| 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation; and |
| two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder. |
These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporations common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.
The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Our Board of Directors has adopted a resolution that any business combination between us and any other person is exempted from the provisions of the Business Combination Act, provided that the business combination is first approved by the Board of Directors, including a majority of the directors who are not interested persons as defined in the 1940 Act. This resolution may be altered or repealed in whole or in part at any time; however, our Board of Directors will adopt resolutions so as to make us subject to the provisions of the Business Combination Act only if the Board of Directors determines that it would be in our best interests and if the SEC staff does not object to our determination that our being subject to the Business Combination Act does not conflict with the 1940 Act. If this resolution is repealed, or the Board of Directors does not otherwise approve a business combination, the statute may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer.
Our bylaws provide that, if and to the extent that any provision of the Maryland General Corporation Law, including the Control Share Act (if we amend our bylaws to be subject to such Act) and the Business Combination Act, or any provision of our charter or bylaws conflicts with any provision of the 1940 Act, the applicable provision of the 1940 Act will control.
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Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. is acting as representative of the underwriters named below. Subject to the terms and conditions stated in the underwriting agreement dated the date of this Prospectus, each underwriter named below has agreed to purchase, and we have agreed to sell to that underwriter, the number of shares set forth opposite the underwriters name.
Underwriter | Shares | |||
Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. | ||||
Total |
The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the underwriters to purchase the shares included in this offering are subject to approval of legal matters by counsel and to other conditions. The underwriters are obligated to purchase all the shares (other than those covered by the overallotment option described below) if they purchase any of the shares.
The underwriters propose to offer some of the shares directly to the public at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this Prospectus and some of the shares to dealers at the public offering price less a concession not to exceed $ per share. The underwriting discount of $ per share is equal to % of the initial offering price. If all of the shares are not sold at the initial offering price, the representative may change the public offering price and other selling terms. Investors must pay for any shares purchased on or before . The representative has advised us that the underwriters do not intend to confirm any sales to any accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority.
The underwriters hold an option, exercisable for [ ] days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to an additional shares at the public offering price less the underwriting discount from the Legacy Investors. The underwriters may exercise the option solely for the purpose of covering overallotments, if any, in connection with this offering. To the extent such option is exercised, each underwriter must purchase a number of additional shares approximately proportionate to that underwriters initial purchase commitment.
Oxford Lane Capital and each of our directors and officers has agreed that, for a period of [180] days from the date of this Prospectus, such party will not, without the prior written consent of Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., on behalf of the underwriters, offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell or otherwise dispose of or agree to sell or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly or hedge any shares or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares, provided, however, that Oxford Lane Capital may issue and sell shares pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan. Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. in its sole discretion may release any of the securities subject to these lock-up agreements at any time without notice.
The [180]-day period in the preceding paragraph will be extended if (i) during the last 17 days of the [180]-day period we issue an earnings release or material news or a material event relating to Oxford Lane Capital occurs or (ii) prior to the expiration of the [180]-day period, we announce that we will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day of the [180]-day period, in which case the restrictions described in the preceding sentence will continue to apply until the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the issuance of the earnings release or the announcement of the material news or the occurrence of the material event.
At our request, the underwriters have reserved up to [ ] of the shares for sale at the initial public offering price to persons who are directors, officers or employees, or who are otherwise associated with us through a directed share program. The number of shares available for sale to the general public will be reduced by the number of directed shares purchased by participants in the program. Except for certain participants who have entered into lock-up agreements as contemplated in the immediately preceding paragraph, each person buying shares through the directed share program has agreed that, for a period of [180] days from the date of this prospectus, he or she will not, without the prior written consent of Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., dispose of or hedge any shares or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock with respect to shares purchased in the program. For certain participants purchasing shares through the directed share program, the lock-up agreements contemplated in the immediately preceding paragraph shall govern with respect to their purchases. Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. in its sole discretion
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may release any of the securities subject to these lock-up agreements at any time without notice. Any directed shares not purchased will be offered by the underwriters to the general public on the same basis as all other shares offered. We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities and expenses, including liabilities under the Securities Act, in connection with the sales of the directed shares.
Our shares will be listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol OXLC, subject to notice of issuance.
The following table shows the underwriting discounts to be paid to the underwriters in connection with this offering. These amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters option to purchase additional shares. This offering will conform with the requirements set forth in Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Rule 2310. The sum of all compensation to the underwriters in connection with this offering of shares, including the underwriting discount, will not exceed 10% of the total public offering price of the shares sold in this offering.
No Exercise | Full Exercise | |||||||
Per Common Share | $ | $ | ||||||
Total | $ | $ |
Oxford Lane Capital and our investment adviser have each agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, or to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make because of any of those liabilities.
Certain underwriters may make a market in the shares. No underwriter is, however, obligated to conduct market-making activities and any such activities may be discontinued at any time without notice, at the sole discretion of the underwriter. No assurance can be given as to the liquidity of, or the trading market for, the shares as a result of any market-making activities undertaken by any underwriter. This Prospectus is to be used by any underwriter in connection with the offering and, during the period in which a prospectus must be delivered, with offers and sales of the shares in market-making transactions in the over-the-counter market at negotiated prices related to prevailing market prices at the time of the sale.
In connection with the offering, Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., on behalf of the underwriters, may purchase and sell shares in the open market. These transactions may include short sales, syndicate covering transactions and stabilizing transactions. Short sales involve syndicate sales of shares of shares in excess of the number of shares to be purchased by the underwriters in the offering, which creates a syndicate short position. Covered short sales are sales of shares made in an amount up to the number of shares represented by the underwriters overallotment option. In determining the source of shares to close out the covered syndicate short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase shares through the overallotment option. Transactions to close out the covered syndicate short position involve either purchases of shares in the open market after the distribution has been completed or the exercise of the overallotment option. The underwriters may also make naked short sales of shares in excess of the overallotment option. The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of shares in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering. Stabilizing transactions consist of bids for or purchases of shares in the open market while the offering is in progress.
The underwriters also may impose a penalty bid. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. repurchases shares originally sold by that syndicate member in order to cover syndicate short positions or make stabilizing purchases.
Any of these activities may have the effect of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of shares. They may also cause the price of shares to be higher than the price that would otherwise exist in the open market in the absence of these transactions. The underwriters may conduct these transactions on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, or in the over-the-counter market, or otherwise. If the underwriters commence any of these transactions, they may discontinue them at any time.
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We estimate that our portion of the total expenses of this offering, excluding the underwriting discounts, will be approximately $ .
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the websites maintained by one or more of the underwriters. The representative may agree to allocate a number of shares to underwriters for sale to their online brokerage account holders. The representative will allocate shares to underwriters that may make Internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations. In addition, shares may be sold by the underwriters to securities dealers who resell shares to online brokerage account holders.
We anticipate that, from time to time, certain underwriters may act as brokers or dealers in connection with the execution of Oxford Lane Capitals portfolio transactions after they have ceased to be underwriters and, subject to certain restrictions, may act as brokers while they are underwriters.
Certain underwriters may have performed investment banking and advisory services for us, our investment adviser and our affiliates from time to time, for which they have received customary fees and expenses. Certain underwriters may, from time to time, engage in transactions with or perform services for us, our investment adviser and our affiliates in the ordinary course of business.
The principal business address of Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. is 520 Madison, 9th Floor, New York, New York 10022.
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Our securities are held under a custody agreement by State Street Bank and Trust Company. The address of the custodian is 225 Franklin Street, Boston, MA 02110. Computershare Trust Company, N.A. will act as our transfer agent, distribution paying agent and registrar. The principal business address of our transfer agent is 250 Royall Street, Canton, MA 02021.
Since we will generally acquire and dispose of our investments in privately negotiated transactions, we will infrequently use brokers in the normal course of our business. Subject to policies established by our Board of Directors, our investment adviser will be primarily responsible for the execution of the publicly traded securities portion of our portfolio transactions and the allocation of brokerage commissions. Our investment adviser does not expect to execute transactions through any particular broker or dealer, but will seek to obtain the best net results for Oxford Lane Capital, taking into account such factors as price (including the applicable brokerage commission or dealer spread), size of order, difficulty of execution, and operational facilities of the firm and the firms risk and skill in positioning blocks of securities. While our investment adviser generally will seek reasonably competitive trade execution costs, Oxford Lane Capital will not necessarily pay the lowest spread or commission available. Subject to applicable legal requirements, our investment adviser may select a broker based partly upon brokerage or research services provided to the investment adviser and Oxford Lane Capital and any other clients. In return for such services, we may pay a higher commission than other brokers would charge if the investment adviser determines in good faith that such commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Certain legal matters in connection with the securities offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP, Washington, DC. Certain legal matters in connection with the offering will be passed upon for the underwriters by Blank Rome LLP, New York, New York.
[ ], an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our financial statements at [ ], 2010. The principal business address of our independent registered public accounting firm is [ ], [ ], [ ] [ ].
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form N-2, together with all amendments and related exhibits, under the Securities Act, with respect to our shares of common stock offered by this prospectus. The registration statement contains additional information about us and our shares of common stock being offered by this prospectus.
Upon the completion of this offering, we will file with or submit to the SEC annual, semi-annual and quarterly reports, proxy statements and other information meeting the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. You may inspect and copy these reports, proxy statements and other information, as well as the registration statement and related exhibits and schedules, at the Public Reference Room of the SEC at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information filed electronically by us with the SEC which are available on the SECs website at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of these reports, proxy and information statements and other information may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following e-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing to the SECs Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549. This information will also be available free of charge by contacting us at Oxford Lane Capital Corp., 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830, by telephone at (203) 983-5275, or on our website at http://www.[ ].com.
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Page | ||||
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | ||||
Balance Sheet as of [ ], 2010 | ||||
Notes to Financial Statements |
[FINANCIAL STATEMENTS TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT]
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The following financial statements of Oxford Lane Capital Corp. (the Registrant or the Company) are included in Part A Information Required to be in the Prospectus of the Registration Statement.
Page | ||||
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | ||||
Balance Sheet as of [ ], 2010 | ||||
Notes to Financial Statements |
Exhibit Number |
Description | |
a. | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation* | |
b. | Amended and Restated Bylaws* | |
d.1 | Form of Common Stock Certificate* | |
e. | Dividend Reinvestment Plan* | |
g. | Form of Investment Advisory Agreement by and between Registrant and Oxford Lane Management, LLC* | |
h. | Form of Underwriting Agreement* | |
j. | Form of Custodian Agreement* | |
k.1 | Form of Administration Agreement by and between Registrant and BDC Partners, LLC* | |
l. | Opinion of Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP* | |
n.1 | Consent of Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP (Incorporated by reference to exhibit l hereto)* | |
n.2 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm* | |
r. | Code of Ethics* |
* | To be filed by amendment. |
The information contained under the heading Underwriting on this Registration Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
SEC registration fee | $ | 3,565 | ||
FINRA filing fee | $ | 5,500 | ||
NASDAQ Global Select Market | * | |||
Printing and postage | * | |||
Legal fees and expenses | * | |||
Accounting fees and expenses | * | |||
Miscellaneous | * | |||
Total | $ | * |
Note: All listed amounts are estimates.
* | To be provided by amendment. |
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Immediately prior to the pricing of this offering, the outstanding common stock of Oxford Lane Capital Corp. will be owned by three individuals: Charles M. Royce, Jonathan H. Cohen and Saul B. Rosenthal, who will each own 50%, 25% and 25% of the outstanding common stock, respectively. Following the completion of this offering, each of Messrs. Royces, Cohens and Rosenthals share ownership is expected to represent less than 1% of Oxford Lane Capital Corp.s outstanding common stock.
See Management, Certain Relationships and Transactions and Control Persons and Principal Stockholders in the Prospectus contained herein.
The following table sets forth the number of record holders of the Registrants common stock at June , 2010:
Title of Class | Number of Record Holders |
|||
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | 3 |
Reference is made to Section 2-418 of the Maryland General Corporation Law, Article VII of the Registrants charter and Article XI of the Registrants Amended and Restated Bylaws.
Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from (a) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (b) active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action. The Registrants charter contains such a provision which eliminates directors and officers liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, subject to the requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 1940 Act).
The Registrants charter authorizes the Registrant, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law and subject to the requirements of the 1940 Act, to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while serving as the Registrants director or officer and at the Registrants request, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee, from and against any claim or liability to which that person may become subject or which that person may incur by reason of his or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse their reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. The Registrants bylaws obligate the Registrant, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law and subject to the requirements of the 1940 Act, to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while serving as the Registrants director or officer and at the Registrants request, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee and who is made, or threatened to be made, a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity from and against any claim or liability to which that person may become subject or which that person may incur by reason of his or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. The charter and bylaws also permit the Registrant to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who served a predecessor of the Registrant in any of the capacities described above and any of the Registrants employees or agents or any employees or agents of the Registrants predecessor. In accordance with the 1940 Act, the Registrant will not indemnify any person for any liability to which such person would be subject by reason of such persons willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office.
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Maryland law requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which the Registrants charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service in that capacity. Maryland law permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established that (a) the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and (1) was committed in bad faith or (2) was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, (b) the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services or (c) in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. However, under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis that a personal benefit was improperly received unless, in either case, a court orders indemnification, and then only for expenses. In addition, Maryland law permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer in advance of final disposition of a proceeding upon the corporations receipt of (a) a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation and (b) a written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met.
The Investment Advisory Agreement provides that, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of the reckless disregard of its duties and obligations, Oxford Lane Management, LLC (the investment adviser) and its officers, managers, agents, employees, controlling persons, members and any other person or entity affiliated with it are entitled to indemnification from the Registrant for any damages, liabilities, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) arising from the rendering of the investment advisers services under the Investment Advisory Agreement or otherwise as an investment adviser of the Registrant.
The Administration Agreement provides that, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of the reckless disregard of its duties and obligations, BDC Partners, LLC and its officers, managers, agents, employees, controlling persons, members and any other person or entity affiliated with it are entitled to indemnification from the Registrant for any damages, liabilities, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) arising from the rendering of BDC Partners, LLCs services under the Administration Agreement or otherwise as administrator for the Registrant.
The law also provides for comparable indemnification for corporate officers and agents. Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act) may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
The Registrant has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors. The indemnification agreements are intended to provide the Registrants directors the maximum indemnification permitted under Maryland law and the 1940 Act. Each indemnification agreement provides that the Registrant shall indemnify the director who is a party to the agreement (an Indemnitee), including the advancement of legal expenses,
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if, by reason of his or her corporate status, the Indemnitee is, or is threatened to be, made a party to or a witness in any threatened, pending, or completed proceeding, other than a proceeding by or in the right of the Registrant.
A description of any other business, profession, vocation, or employment of a substantial nature in which the investment adviser, and each managing director, director or executive officer of the investment adviser, is or has been during the past two fiscal years, engaged in for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee, is set forth in Part A of this Registration Statement in the sections entitled Management Board of Directors, Investment Advisory Agreement and Portfolio Management Investment Personnel. Additional information regarding the investment adviser and its officers and directors will be set forth in its Form ADV, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC File No. [ ]), under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, and is incorporated herein by reference.
All accounts, books, and other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the 1940 Act, and the rules thereunder are maintained at the offices of:
(1) | the Registrant, Oxford Lane Capital Corp., 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830; |
(2) | the Transfer Agent, Computershare Trust Company, N.A., 250 Royall Street, Canton, MA 02021; |
(3) | the Custodian, State Street Bank and Trust Company, 225 Franklin Street, Boston, MA 02110; and |
(4) | the investment adviser, Oxford Lane Management, LLC, 8 Sound Shore Drive, Suite 255, Greenwich, CT 06830. |
Not applicable.
(1) | Registrant undertakes to suspend the offering of the shares of common stock covered hereby until it amends its prospectus contained herein if (a) subsequent to the effective date of this Registration Statement, its net asset value per share of common stock declines more than 10% from its net asset value per share of common stock as of the effective date of this Registration Statement, or (b) its net asset value per share of common stock increases to an amount greater than its net proceeds as stated in the prospectus contained herein. |
(2) | Not applicable. |
(3) | Not applicable. |
(4) | Not applicable. |
(5) | Registrant undertakes that: |
(a) | For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of the Registration Statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in the form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 497(h) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, shall be deemed to be part of this Registration Statement as of the time it was declared effective. |
(b) | For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to a new registration statement relating to the securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
(6) | Not applicable. |
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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Registration Statement on Form N-2 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the Township of Greenwich, in the State of Connecticut, on the 25th day of June, 2010.
OXFORD LANE CAPITAL CORP. | ||
By: /s/ Jonathan H. Cohen |
The undersigned directors and officers of Oxford Lane Capital Corp. hereby constitute and appoint Jonathan H. Cohen and Saul B. Rosenthal and each of them with full power to act without the other and with full power of substitution and resubstitution, our true and lawful attorneys-in-fact with full power to execute in our name and behalf in the capacities indicated below this Registration Statement on Form N-2 and any and all amendments thereto, including post-effective amendments to this Registration Statement and to sign any and all additional registration statements relating to the same offering of securities as this Registration Statement that are filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) of the Securities Act of 1933, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission and thereby ratify and confirm that all such attorneys-in-fact, or any of them, or their substitutes shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Registration Statement on Form N-2 has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant, and in the capacities indicated, on the 25th day of June, 2010.
Signature | Title | |
/s/ Jonathan H. Cohen Jonathan H. Cohen |
Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) | |
/s/ Mark J. Ashenfelter Mark J. Ashenfelter |
Chairman of the Board and Director | |
/s/ John Reardon John Reardon |
Director | |
/s/ Saul B. Rosenthal Saul B. Rosenthal |
President, and Director | |
/s/ David S. Shin David S. Shin |
Director | |
/s/ Patrick F. Conroy Patrick F. Conroy |
Chief Financial Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |